Cuban Revolution Essay Example for Free

Cuban Revolution EssayMy name is Juan Luis Sanchez and had lived well in my country Cuba before this new governance by a tyrant they c each Fidel Castro. Although Fulgencio Batista was harsh and corrupt, my life was not real bad. today it seems that things pick up changed quite a bit here in Havana. We arrive at become what they call a communist state, and we assimilate no political companion here in the western hemisphere. I was one who was opposed to the depravity I saw in Batistas government, and though I wanted in m all ways to help the peasants raise their standard of living, I was not prepared to grow mine lowered in the process. I also was a bit disgruntled at the way the joined States had a levelheaded hand in the politics of my country Cuba, but I am not sure now that Cuba will be in a very(prenominal) good position having incurred the wrath of such a powerful neighbor. This rift has apparently been sealed by a socialist tie we seemed to have certain with the sworn enemies of the unite States, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republic (USSR). Many of my comrades are no longitudinal here in Cuba.I have not been able to find many of my professional friendsmy personal attorney, family physician and several of my disdain partners, I have been told, have fled the country because of the threat that this new regime poses to their livelihood. Many of them now live in Miami, Florida. I am now experiencing what must have been the fears of my comrades that made them flee. My businesses relied heavily on several new(prenominal) business that were funded by U. S. nationals and that have come under attack in this new regime.My business, which was growing in the 1940s and 1950s, has been experiencing problems since the heavy U. S. ownership of 35% of the sugar diligence has been altered. My businesss strategy seems to have changed greatly. It no long-run sends a large portion of its produce to the United States, as relations between Cuba and the U. S. have broken down. This problem seems to be very serious, as I have read close to a Bay of Pigs incident in which the United States modify support to some Cuban exiles in an attempt to overthrow Castros government. I also hear of a Cold War between the United States and the USSR in which our country has become involved.Recently, the USSR has removed some warheads and missiles from our territory, as the United States had threatened to invade Cuba if those things had remained. Though I have spoken of the business I used to run as my business I no longer seem to be in charge of it. When I showed up at the office, no one acknowledged me and I was not allowed to go in. The few comrades I had left in Cuba reported that their businesses had been taken away from them and were placed under the fashion of the government. All the profits go to the government, which then rations out wages to former business owners.Our wages have been capped. All my extended property, I came to find, no lo nger belongs to me and I have lost my large house. Now I have to live in much smaller quarters and share the premises with other persons with whom I am not acquainted. The Cuban economy seems to be doing well, though I have heard that in the last decade (the 1960s) it had experienced some trouble. Now, we have been receiving some help from the USSR as our investments and trade have now become heavily tied with this and other communist countries of Europe.Our large sugar industry, though no longer able to serve the United States, is guaranteed a market in these European communist states. Though officially the economy is doing well, I have become aware of a shadow economy that exists here in Cuba. It shades the fact that the U. S. dollar receives a higher value on the sour market than it does on the official market. Still, the country does possess wealth, which it pours into governmental policies and the military.Though I should probably be relieved that the country is generating we alth, I am very uncomfortable with the fact that all that I have worked for in the past years has been taken from me. I feel I am entitled to a share in all the wealth that is being generated within the economy, yet I am allowed to share in none of this. I have lost all freedom to enjoy the fruit of my former and current labor. In fact, I find that the freedoms of Cubans have been curtailed to the extent that no voluntary organizations exist, nor is there any real scope for the common educated professional (or any common man) to enter the political arena.I, who once was heavily involved in the political aspects of my community, have now only a few alternatives for membership in organizations. I can become a member of one of two organizations of the Cuban Catholic Bishops known as a Carita, or I may involve myself in one of a few other religious institutions dedicated to Jewish, African, or Masonic religions. I have no dissenting voice when it comes to politics. Though this was large ly the case under Batista, it now appears to be even more so. obscure from the friends I learned to have migrated, I have been told in secret that two of them were imprisoned for speaking out against the new regime. Yet, despite all the problems I have found and the freedoms that have been stripped from me, I have also noticed some very strange yet progressive occurrences here in Cuba. These seem to be in favor of those who were once peasants. I remember the days when, especially during sugars off-season, many peasants were in danger of starved to death because they were out of work.Even I had no choice but to lay off during that period many who worked for me. Now their lives seem to have improved, as they receive from the state rations that last all year round. Schools have only recently resumed operation here in Havana. I have been told that all the teachers and students had been temporarily sent to rural areas in order to teach the peasants there to read and write. As a result, our nations literacy rate has risen rapidly. Almost all the persons here can read and write at this point, and the literacy crash program is said to be almost complete.At this rate, literacy is expected to be at 95% by the 1990s. The streets are also much cleaner here than they were before I woke up to this reality. We, as citizens, have all been made responsible for the cleanliness of our community. I myself have been placed in a group and am required to participate in sanitation activities. The healthcare appears to have improved the lives of the peasants, whom I had had a desire to help before the revolution took place. Indeed, some of those who worked for me had enjoyed the benefits of being seen by my personal physician.Despite this, I was well aware that many of their children died at early(a) ages and that this fact was represented in a large portion of the populationan overwhelming number that I alone could not possible have hoped to reach. Now it seems that governmental re forms have helped solve this problem, as our infant mortality rate has dropped to about 9. 8 per 1000 live births. This is among the lowest rate in the blameless world. We also have a system of health care that ranks as the best in Latin America, and our life expectancy has recently climbed to the levels boasted by the United States.Although my personal physician is no longer available, I find that I too do not have to worry very much about basic healthcare needs, as the Cuban state is now in charge of providing this to all its citizens. This is of great help to me, as I no longer find myself with the resources necessary to pay for these kinds of necessities on my own. Yet, although I am grateful for the help of the government in this area, I cannot help but remember the generation when I as an upper-classed business owner could afford to pay for this and so much more. Luis, J. G. (2000). Cuban Revolution Reader A Document History. Ocean Press.

The Non-universality and “Culturality” of Literature Essay Example for Free

The Non- commonity and paganity of belles-lettres EssayFeatures that Makes Literature Uniquely Cultural and Not Universal By romance novels completely that be judged as trashy and unhelpful to the critical thinking growth of women and thus far degree centigrades of such books ar hush hoarded, it is already quite evident that writings is one discourse in a persons life that is deemed as necessary and importantif such romance novels evict be considered as books that is. Romance novels are known to contain sexual innuendos, hot coital sessions, shallow plots and character developments and other literary elements which send word be regarded as being unliterary and even mortifying in the conservative circles. For centuries, romance novels in all forms and genres have been created, edited, published, banned, exalted, and burned. Whether those banned and burned novels end up with such fate because they are considered to be too much for the general public for the taboo subje cts they depict or because the books does non have any literary value, this could near mean that there are certain subjects that stirs scandals and controversies in particular telescopes and culture. nevertheless a taboo subject in one particular culture does non mean that it is a taboo subject in other cultural settingsit could be something like the Theory of Relativity wherein something is applicable in one setting age it cannot be the same circumstance for other settings. It is because of this aspect that certain genres and forms of writings be regarded as curious only to particular setups.Thus, belles-lettres is not something which is seen as worldwide that involves the entire world race publications is something which can be judged as a discourse or subject that is cultural and planetary the same carriage that it is only women who are majorly magnetized by romance novels compared to men and the same way that sex is something which is considered as taboo in Asian coun tries while the West nonchalantly discuss ab let on it. Literature thence is not universal for if this is uncoiled, then why is it that some novels, poetry or plays are majorly disliked by a class of volume while another group of people greatly admire it?If literary productions supposedly connects human beings and golf links e trulyone together with a universal thread, then why is it that people still have great conflict on themes, plots, dialogues and characters presented in books? Literature therefore is cultural and particular in a way that it embodies the language of a nation, the history of society, a society of a group, a culture of a country, the customs, traditions and practices of state. Thus, what is literary works but something which is uniquely distinct to a culture?Before a discussion on whether literature is universal or not, it should first be explained on what is literature. Literature is often del feign as a produce from ones imagination that has ascetic crea tivity and which reflects humanity in that one iodin product of humanity or ascetic creativity Stories from myth and legend persist in our culture because they extract deep emotional responses from us, shaped as we are by those stories, often from a very young age (Trupe 164).Then, a written work that is fictional can be considered as literature but this definition is actually wrong and misleading. Going back to the subject of romance novels, can these books be regarded as literature when they so obviously do not contain any ascetic creativity at all? Just because something is ictional or imagined, it does not mean that it is literature. exactly at the same time, not all literature is fictionalare there not biographies, autobiographies, speeches and essays that are wholly true but are still seen as literature?Maybe, literature is such a broad subject that it is indefinableeven John Spriggs who wrote on literary discourse and criticism wrote that literature should not be defined a t all because it would restrict literature to a particular aspect (Easthope 168). But if literature cannot be defined at all, then it heart and soul that it is something which can cause confusion among peopleacademic and common alike. Eagleton though has a different idea on what can be regarded as literature. According to Eagleton, literature is defined by the particular language it utilizes.He asserts that literature transforms and intensifies ordinary language, deviates systematically from everyday speech (2). Thus, any work can be regarded as literature if it uses a special language unique only to literature and very different form everyday speech. Going back to the dissertation of the paper, if what Eagleton says is true, then it just means that literature is not universal since there would be people who would fail to understand this special literary language utilize in literature.If the language in literature is uncommon and unique only to literature, then it uses a particula r language which would distinguish it from other words that people use. However, there is a counterargument to this claim presented by Leech and Short (as cited by Simpson). According to Leech and Short, although literature uses a particular set of language and linguistics unique to it, it still manages to use the ordinary language in a way that it is just creatively expressed (as cited by Simpson 6).In fact, what makes the literalists the same as other people is that they follow a particular set of rules the same way that a lawyer or journalist or doctor would be using particular vocabulary and sentence construction that is unique to their profession. Thus, literature is unique in the sense that it uses creative language but it is not unique in the aspect that it is the only discourse that is unique in using a different set of codes or syntax. It is Horace, who first came up with the idea that literature serves two purposes utile et dulce.That is, literature can educate people and be utilized by the masses (utile) and literature can be appreciated for its unadulterated ascetic creativity that brings out the beauty in the things around human beingsnature and human nature. Horace concludes that there are two purposes, literature is not something which can only serve one masterto either teach people something or to showcase its literary beautyinstead, it should be a balance of what literature is trying to aim for. However, modern literary critics and academicians believe otherwise Literature should just either be a utile or be a dulce.L. Insana on Redefining Dulce et Utile Boccacios Organization of Literature on Economic Terms uses this argument on utile and dulce in trying to find out what Boccaccio is trying to express in his controversial Decameron that both te supports the public something and at the same time, it reveals a literary beauty that only Boccaccio can create (n. p. ). Thus, while the concept of dulce and utile may be something that has long bee n created hundreds of years ago, it can be applied even to economic settings as what Insana has done in the literary criticism of Boccaccios Decameron.Nowadays, the argument that literature is either a utile or dulce is not true anymore since literature not serves legion(predicate) other purposes immaterial utile and dulce. For example, literature can be a means to unite the world by means of form and contentserving as a means for people to unite in a single universal threadsomething which is opposite to the thesis of this paper and something which this paper is trying to disprove of. There are conclusions that literature is connects people because it has the ability to link each culture and group not just by the means of language but in addition through experiences.People are united because of literature exists to have the same universal thread with other literature. all(prenominal) in all, this is what literature is believed to be used for to prey us a better understanding of who we are, and a greater ability to know others and thereby help us to understand others, not destroy them. This universal thread opinion on the objective and form of literature is truthful in some way since the experiences of societies are almost the same as everyone else work of literature consist of human experience and so contrast with the texts of mass or popular culture created by individual authors literature can evoke a genuine personal response in the readeras Leavis explains elsewhere (see Leavis and Thompson 1933), popular culture, collectively and commercially produced, is stereotyped, formulaic, anonymous and deficient in human experience. (Easthope 4) Each individual, no matter where they come from or what they do experiences the same needs, desires and wants to the person next to him/her.People all suffer, people all notion happiness, people all have the capability to love and be loved and people will die one day. Thus, all the collation of hopes, dreams and fear s are true no matter where you may go. However, the experiences of a society are still different from another. Though they do experience the same economic or policy-making problem like the other societies and countries, their own experience is unique only to themselves. Literature, particularly fiction, conspires to human freedom in this way it has a political effect.But the vision projected by literature, its implicit philosophy, sits opposite the political understanding of the world. (Rolin 40) Thus, though a person in Japan feels the same heart ache as that of a person in Wales and writes the same kind of poem or prose that centers on their grief, it would still be different because of the certain cultural aspects that envelopes them. All in all, this is what is being pointed out why literature can never be the same for all the people in the worldbecause each group of people contains certain cultural influences and characteristics that are only unique to them.Aside from language which clearly differentiates one culture or country to another, there is also the history to consider, the traditions and even the practices of a particular culture. Zipes clearly gives an example in how fairy tales of a country is used to de frontierine the differences of the locales alter and beliefs Each village and community in Europe and in North America developed various modes of storytelling and different types of tales that were closely connected to their customs, laws, morals, and beliefs. (xvi)The same way that a man tends to sway more towards the non-fictional forms of literature or the comic books and sci-fi, women tends to gravitate more to the romantic and whimsical forms of literature, there are also differences in how the literature of a village or community in a particular country in a very specific time would be different from another country in a altogether different time span. Though human experience is the same for everyone, there are still great and tremendou s differences in human experiences that would make literature very non-universal and would instead be concluded as being very cultural.A very specific example would be the language of a culture or a nation Eagleton explains that literature contains a unique language to be identify with just literature, that such literary discourse estranges or alienates ordinary speech (2). However, he also points out that though ordinary speech is alienated, the said literary discourse also brings us into a fuller, more intimate possession of experience (Eagleton 2). Literature through the means of language becomes more complex and yet meaningfulsomething that each culture can relate to as they have their own distinctive features.Another example would be in how a famed literary figure, Defoe has written fictional works that are admired todayand can be found in the material of journalism he expert in an age when the boundaries between journalism and fiction, fact and fancy, were less distinguishab le than they are today (Underwood 45). This example illustrates how any form of literature can imitate the life and time of the author making the literature one of its kind when compared to other literary works that also imitates the life and times of their particular authors.But most credible as an evidence and sample to thesis is perhaps the case of how William Shakespeare embodies his play, total heat V as something that reflects the early English life, according to Schwyzer Henry V is traditionally regarded as the most English of the histories, and hence of all Shakespeares works. The words England and English resound through the play, occurring more than one hundred times. Henry is constantly reminding his men of what they are or should be capable of on the basis of their Englishness, and he is himself referred to by the French king as irritate England. (Schwyzer 126) What Schwyzer presents is not that the play was inspired by England or the life of England, but that it the p lay itself evokes or contains themes of what it remains to be seemed as English. This englishness as what Schwyzer calls it is another term for the existence of a national literature that aims to mirror what it means for a particular nation to be a nation. In conclusion, there is no universal thread the links human being together even of literature shows the same human experience for everyone.Literature is not universal it is cultural because of the many distinct features that are embodied in a literary work like language, way of life, background, etc. However, though literature is no universal, it is still an ongoing process of development and improvement that hopefully one day, does indeed bridge the world together and be called universal. Works Cited Eagleton, Terry. Literary Theory an Introduction. Oxford Blackwell Publishing, 1996. Print.Easthope, Antony. Literary into Cultural Studies. New York Routledge, 1991. Print. Insana, L. Redefining Dulce et Utile Boccacios Organization of Literature on Economic Terms. Heliotropia 2. 1 (2004). Web. Heliotropia. org. 17 May 2010. Rolin, Olivier. The Subtle Genius of the Novel. The critical review of Contemporary Fiction 28. 3 (2008) 40. Web. Literature Resource Center. 16 May 2010. Schwyzer, Philip. Literature, Nationalism, and Memory in Early Modern England and Wales.New York Cambridge University Press, 2004. Print. Simpson, Paul. Language Through Literature an Introduction. New York Routledge, 1997. Print. Trupe, Alice. Thematic Guide to Young Adult Literature. Connecticut Greenwood Press, 2006. Print. Underwood, Doug. Journalism and the Novel Truth and Fiction, 1700-2000. New York Cambridge University Press, 2008. Print. Zipes, Jack (ed). The Oxford Companion to Fairy Tales. New York Oxford University Press, 2000.

Terminal Velocity in a Parachute

Terminal Velocity in a ParachuteThe aim of this examine was to see how several(prenominal) computes like the space of the take up, locoweed of the rejective lens hung to the leap out and vertex of drop postulate the goal upper in a rise. When we would throw the jumpstart from a certain tiptop it go forth accelerate and leave behind continue to increment until a pouf fury acts on it causing the quickening to decrease. There provide be a point of cartridge clip when the parachute accelerates at a perpetual rush along (drag force equal to weight of the object). So in rules of ordain to find this constant acceleration the research was divided into three different auditions. The three factors I was investigating were the mass, duration and height of drop of the parachute where in each experi custodyt one inconstant was being changed.I hypothesized in the origin experimentation that a heavy object willinging be more(prenominal)(prenominal) given over to reaching term upper because it will travel faster and strike a great run and this possibility was correct. With the insurgent experiment when the length of the sop up was changed I had bit of problems because it was hard to get the object hung to the parachute when the length was small as it constantly got loosened. In the third and final experiment I predicted that a smaller height will have a greater speed because of which it will accept a greater force and at that placefore ending speeding will be reached and this assumption was correct. The measured heights though were non very accurate because I dropped the parachute in an present area under various different heights.Wind played a huge role in touching some of the trials and I had to perform the experiment many times in order for the air apology force be equal to the gravitational force.CONTENTSCOVER PAGE1 abstraction2ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS AND CONTENTS PAGE3BACKGROUND KNOWLEDGE4HYPOTHESIS5EXPEIRMENTAL initiation6EXPE RIMENT PROCEDURE7VARIABLES8DATA COLLECTION EXPERIMENT 19EXPERIMENT 210 11EXPERIMENT12 13FURTHER EVALUATION14ERRORS15IMPROVEMENTS AND completion16BIBLIOGRAPHY17INTRODUCTIONBackground KnowledgeI always have wondered how the military men used skydiving to break open behind enemy lines and conduct various missions. After doing a bit of research I found out that Military skydivers are deployed from a whacking aircraft or at times from a helicopter in order to do their respective jobs which are mostly in the form of missions. They carry more gear and then the normal skydivers, aside from the parachute they carry additional equipments like oxygen tank, weapons and other equipments which are needed for their missions so this becomes more contest for these daredevils. So factors like mass of the skydiver, equipment they carry and the stand up area1or height by which they fall from will affect the speed at which the travel. It would be hence interesting to design an experiment to se e how these factors affect the death upper of a parachute.Terminal Velocity occurs during free fall2when a dropping physical structure experiences zero acceleration that is when there is no acceleration in the parachute. It varies directly with the ratio of drag to weight. Terminal velocity reaches when the force of gravity3performing on the object is equal to the air resistance or viscous force of air on the body. Air resistance4is a major factor contributing in a falling object to reach terminal velocity as it toilette easily contribute to the speed at which the body falls.HYPOTHESISA formula was derived by Sir Isaac Newton for one of the force considered in our experiment, air resistanceFg =Where, Fg = Force in NewtonsG = 6.67 - 10 -11M1 = cud 1 in KilogramsM2 = survey 2 in kilogramsr = Distance between m1 and m2 When the parachute will be falling down there will be an acceleration of 9.8 ms-2 independent of the factors in the parachute. Terminal velocity wont always be the same it will be different for different variables.My hypothesis is that a heavier object will have a greater terminal velocity than a light one. For an object to experience terminal velocity, air resistance must balance weight. When the force of gravity is equal to the air resistance the object will travel at a constant velocity (newtons first law) so in the case of a heavy object the force of air resistance in the atmosphere will cause the body to delay5. A light object wont be able to equal resistance the way a heavy object willLike the weight, surface area also has a great effect on a parachute reaching zero acceleration. The surface area is the height at which the parachute is falling down. If the object falls from a smaller height the time for it to touch the ground will be slight and henceforth a greater terminal velocity is likely to be seenThe third factor which I am taking in to consideration is the length of the string of the parachute. According to me the beat out str ing length will be the longest length since it allows the parachute to be more stable. As the parachute will be more stable the velocity will increase and hence there will be less time taken for the parachute to reach terminal velocity.EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNThe main aim of the essay is to see how various factors affect the terminal velocity of a parachute. In general there are many factors affecting the terminal velocity of a parachute like the air pressure6, drop time, cover area, size of the apex vent, number of length of strings and canopy shape. But according to me the most important factors that play a vital role in the speed at which the parachute descents7are the mass of the object in the parachute, surface area (Height of drop) and the length of the string. As discussed above these factors are the main ones when a parachute descents, be it a small object, military men or a parachutist. One factor may be prone to reach zero acceleration at a faster rate than the other so in m y experiment I will be seeing how these factors affect the parachute reaching a terminal velocity.To see how various factors affect the parachute in reaching zero acceleration three different experiments will be performed. The amount of time taken for each of the parachute to absent the ground will be calculated and one variable in each of the experiment will be changed. The parachute will be make out of a garbage bag of 60 by 84 inch size. Then a big circle will be bite out of the bag of which four holes will be made and then the string will pass through each of the holes and will be stuck by glue. All the four strings will be made into one by attaching a small ribbon onto it and the length of each the strings will be about 80 cm. After the parachute is the three experiments will be performed and after it we will be able to determine when the parachute will travel at a constant speed in order to reach terminal velocity. In each of the experiments there will be devil controlled a nd one independent variable and will see how these variables affect the others.EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDUREFor the first experiment the height from which the parachute is being dropped will be kept constant and the length of the string in the parachute will run the same. The factor that is being changed here is the weight of the object. Two different populace one of 50 and the other of nose candy grams will be used and they will be hanged to the parachute one after the other in order to see which one is more prone to reach constant acceleration and they will be dropped many a times till I achieve accurate results. Time will be calculated here to see the speed at which the parachute reaches the ground when the mass is 50 and 100 grams. The weights will be measured by putting each of the masses on to a balance on by one.In the second experiment the length of the string will be kept as constant but the other factor that is kept constant here is the mass of the object. The mass of the obje ct will be a constant 50 grams and using this amount of weight will make it easier for the parachute to reach zero acceleration. The height at which the parachute is being dropped will be changed in this experiment. I will start from a height of say 280 cm and will go up to 350 and see the time at which the parachute hits the ground in each of the case.In the third and final experiment the height of drop will remain the same (540cm) and again the weight of the object will be kept constant, the mass will be 50g. With the same parachute with the constant variables mentioned in these experiment strings of different length 80cm, 70cm, 60cm, 50cm, 40cm and 30cm will be attached. The parachute will be then dropped by 540cm in all the cases so that the parachute reaches terminal velocity. By this the variations in time will be known and hence we will be able to come to a conclusion. We will have to hand over our level best to avoid external force like wind to affect the experiment.VARIABL ES examineNumberIndependent variantDependent VariableControlled Variable1Mass of the objectTerminal Velocity and the time elapsed until terminal velocity is reached.Surface area and the length of the string. They are the other 2 factors taken into consideration for the object reaching terminal velocity.2Height of drop of the parachuteTerminal Velocity and the time elapsed until terminal velocity is reachedMass and the length of the string in the parachute will be the same in this experiment and they are the two factors taken into consideration.3 length of the stringTerminal Velocity and the time elapsed until terminal velocity is reached.Mass and Surface area are kept constant in experience three. This time the Mass and Surface area wont be altered.DATA COLLECTIONExperiment 1In the first experiment the independent variable is the mass of the object hung to the parachute. The controlled variables are the height of drop and length of the stringHeight of drop of the parachute = 540 c mLength of the string is 80cmObject 1 (50g)TrialsTime(0.1s)16.5227.4636.3848.3657.9467.8176.6387.32Object 2 (100g)TrialsTime(0.1s)14.3223.2133.9743.7354.1864.3573.3684.57Experiment 2In the second experiment the independent variable is the height of drop, it is being changed and the factor that is kept constant is the length of the string and the mass of the object used.Length of the string 80cmMass of the object 50gHeight of Drop (0.05cm)Time(0.1s)AverageTrial 1Trial 2Time(0.1s)2800.890.740.822900.981.171.013001.391.271.333101.341.561.453201.711.821.773302.032.112.073402.342.492.423502.722.772.75After plotting the datas with appropriate error bars and the line of best fit I found out that as the height of drop increases the time for the parachute to fall down increases. When you drop the parachute from a height of above 325 m then the parachute will be more prone to reach terminal velocity. When the parachute was falling down the drag force increased with increase in terminal velo city. It reaches a maximum velocity when the drag force equals the driving force. From a height of 280 to 310 m the parachute fell at a very fast rate (0.5 1.0 s) because of which constant velocity wasnt reached. to a fault noticed in this graph was that there is constant acceleration at a height od 330 cm which shows us that terminal velocity has been reached.Experiment 3For the third and final experiment the factor that is being changed is the length of the string. This time the mass of the object and height of drop is kept as the controlled variables.Mass of the object 50gHeight of drop 540cmTrialsLength of the string (0.05cm)Time (0.1s)1807.212706.393605.854505.775404.326303.97After plotting the graph for the third experiment where the length of string in the parachute was changed I found out that when there was a decrease in the length of the string then the time for the parachute to fall down also decreased. This means that a longer string will be more prone to terminal vel ocity. When the length of the string decreased then the air resistance increased due to the increase in length which resulted in the parachute to fall down at a constant velocity. For a string of length of more than 50 cm terminal velocity will be reached at a faster rate. In this experiment also constant acceleration is seen at higher lengths of around 65 to 80cmFURTHER EVALUATIONIn each of the experiments we can now successfully say that terminal velocity was there at some point or the other. The question posed how factors like the surface area, mass of the object and length of the string affects the parachute in reaching a terminal velocity and we can say that all of these factors have an effect in reaching zero acceleration. When the length of the string was greater than terminal velocity was seen very quick and when you would increase the height of drop of the parachute also terminal velocity will be successfully reached. The air resistance depends on the height of drop and the speed at which the parachute travels. But as the height of drop, length of the string and mass of the object was not big with greater values there was a lower terminal velocity seen.In the first experiment we noticed that speed changes as we change the mass of the object. So we can say that terminal velocity is affected when we change the weight. According to Newtons Second law, the force of gravity is proportional to mass under free fall.So, F = mg where g is the acceleration due to gravity directed downwardsWhen terminal velocity is reached mg = drag force of the objectIf we assume this drag force to be the same, when the mass of the object increases then terminal velocity also increases to correspond to the increase in force. In the experiment when the mass of the object hanged to the parachute was more the terminal velocity was reached at a faster rate than object with a lighter mass because in this case the drag force of the object equaled mg more quickly. But one thing notice d in this experiment was that the parachute traveled at a faster rate not yet because of the weight but also due to the surface area. The object with mass 50 grams had a greater surface area due to which the terminal velocity resulted to be low. When the weight of 100g was measured the surface area was comparatively low due to which the terminal velocity was higher. The greater weight increases the terminal velocity by acting as an extra force against gravity and air resistance.In the case of different heights we noticed that when we increase the height of drop then naturally the speed would increase and hence terminal velocity would be reached. For the experiment I performed, the last trial when the parachute was dropped at a height of 350 m the recorded time was 2.75 seconds. At a time of approx. 1.80 seconds terminal velocity was reached because as mentioned above this was the time when the drag force was equal to mg. just as the height gets lower the terminal velocity would de crease. Under gravity an object falls at a rate of 9.8 m/s2 which tells us that per second that the parachute falls its velocity increases by 9.8 m/s2. When the parachute is falling form a higher distance(350m) it will have more time to speed up which will result in a higher terminal velocity.It was clear that when the best length string was that of 80cm. The larger the size of the length of the string was the greater was drag force and hence faster it equaled the other forces. When the string had a greater length the parachute was more spread out. The open parachute lets the air resistance to increase. If the length of the strings are short then less air will enter the parachute which would lower the parachutes drag force or resistanceERRORSIn each of the experiments there were difficulties faced and one of the main ones was the force of wind. For some of the readings taken the wind speed increased so much that it changed the direction of the parachute. Even though direction does n ot have any effect on a parachute reaching terminal velocity most of the times but at some cases this change of direction can increase or decrease the speed of the parachute. In one of the readings taken for the change in the length of the string the parachute at the beginning travelled at a decent treat but all of a sudden it changed directions and was falling down vertically. This case happened when the length of the string was short (30cm) also in one of the readings taken for the same experiment of length 40cm the parachute collapsed in no time. Another difficulty that was encountered in all of the experiments was that the region of drop of the parachutes (540cm) there was a lot of wind because of which the parachutes would get blown by at times resulting a significant error in some of the readings taken.There were a few human errors in the experiment for model the height of drop was not constant for the experiments. For each of the readings we took a rough value after first m easuring what 540cm was. This could result in the time going a few seconds up or down. These changes dint allows the calculations to be accurate for the average velocity.Another error I encountered was the mass of the object hung to the parachute. I assumed the mass of 100 grams to be a good one for this experiment but instead it increases the acceleration of the parachute which dint allow the parachute to open well so to earn and upward force and hence reach terminal velocity.When the parachutes length was 30 and 40 cm terminal velocity was not reached because the parachute reached the ground out front so the air resistance was not there.IMPROVEMENTSWe could improve on the results by performing the experiment when there was very less wind as that would not then affect the height of drop (540cm). Another thing we could do is that of adding nets to the parachute in order to see how much of air is blocked in the material which affects the velocity at which the parachute travels. This results in the experiment to be more precise as only the part when the parachute reaches terminal velocity will be measured. I could perform the experiment at various high lengths which would result in more readings where terminal velocity will be reached because when the length of the string was 30 and 40cm there was no constant acceleration sees as the parachute hit the ground as a fast rate.CONCLUSIONThe aim of the experiment was to see how various factors affect the terminal velocity of a parachute and my results were such that the heavier mass, larger length and greater height were more prone to reach terminal velocity. The graph had constant acceleration toward the higher region which proved our hypothesis. In each of the experiments when drag force equaled mg at a faster rate, there was constant acceleration seen quickly.But we should know that in reality terminal velocity is not very well delineate because external factors such as air density, constant gravity and wind kee p changing with time and will have an effect on the experiments we perform. For example in the experiment where the height of drop was changed the factors mentioned above will change with height due to which the terminal velocity also changes.More or less the results obtained were quite accurate and has a good scope for others to keep researching on this topic

The Industrial And Commercial Bank Of China

The Industrial And Commercial Bank Of ChinaThe primary(prenominal) aspect which has been taken into account in this report addresses the understanding of various ball-shaped argument strategies and organisation form and structure of the Industrial and Commercial Bank of China (ICBC) topical anestheticly and globally to earn its competetive advantage.The relevant theories were taken into consideration and the in-depth analysis of global business strategy which were used by ICBC was undertaken. This report contains background informatin of the edge. The Chineses banking enviornment was taken into consideration as well as the internal enviornment of the comp whatever was analysed with the help of machinate, PESTEL and gatekeeper 5 forces frameworks. To illustrate the performance of the ICBC a resource audit, which includes assets, resources and core competencies was presented. This report is focuses on the identification of companys local and global corporate strategy .This repor t concludes with the strategic slaying of its policies, challenges which are being faced by ICBC and reccomendation to deal with those challenges.IntroductionICBC protracts its customers various financial operate. ICBC operates all across the globe. According to Forbes (2011) ICBC is the seventh declamatoryst publich company.History of ICBCICBC started with registered metropolis of 20.8 one million million million Yuan and the capital and assets added up-to 333.3 billion Yuan. In the late eighties ICBC became the formal member of International Saving Banks Institute. In October 1989 ICBC introduced the peony Quasi character Card for the first time. The ICBC network in 91 cities got connected with a nationwide computer network system in October 1990. In the early nineties the bank was according to the Euromoney Journal was ranked estimate 8 in terms of capital share. ICBC went global in March 1992 and its first abroad adjunct was set up in Singapore. In November 1995 ICBC expanded out of Asia and their first office in Europe was in London. ICBC went online in celestial latitude 1997 and their official website was launched. ICBC jointly with Hong Kong Bank of East Asia acquired ICBC-BEA Finance Shareholding Co. Ltd with a 75% of shareholding in February 1998. In September 1999 ICBC launched 95588 its telephone banking services nationwide and in February and August 2000 respectively, ICBC began its Corporate network Banking and Personal mesh Banking services. In May of 2002 Peony Card Centre was established and it became the first professional bankcard business organization in China Peony Card became a sought by and by brand. Further more(prenominal), in 2003 ICBC signed Agreement with Microsoft (China) in Beijing for the co-operation of Personal lucre Bankings security. The same year on December 18, ICBC launched its new personal Internet banking product emailprotected. In February 2004 PricewaterhouseCoopers designed ICBCs 8 year plan for corp orate governance system and over-all risk management right system and ICBC put it in practice in April 2005 under the State Councils Approval. Moreover on October 27, 2009, with 236 billion restricted shares released to the market ICBC becomes the No.1 A-share quoted company and the largest bank in the world by market capitalization. In the last twenty-five percent of 2009 the ICBC has expanded itself as it had received the business licence to operate in ICBC Malaysia Company peculiar(a) from Bank Negara Malaysia and ICBC Hanoi Branch, the first license issued to a opposed bank this year. December 16, 2009, The Central Bank of United Arab Emirates (UAE) officially approved and issued a wholesale banking license to ICBC to set up a branch in Abu Dhabi, a new ICBC branch in the Middle East for ICBC to spread its wings in the region.Organisational structure of ICBCOrganisational structure lavatory be considered as a pyramid shaped system that positions the relations between the e ntities within an organisation vertically. Authority, power and obligation are focused at the top and the decisions are made here and are implemented by the rest of the organisation. (Daft, Murphy, Willmott, 2010)The structure of ICBC is a hybrid structure, a combination of characteristics of various approaches tailored to specific strategic needs (Daft,2007). Functional and divisional structures combined create the organisational strucutre of ICBC. The organisation structure of ICBC consists of series of supportive departments clever in functional duties, containing Comprehensive Administration Departments, supervisory Supporting Departments and Affiliated Institutions. In the functions delivery of scale is encourged due to functional structure. A management puzzle of centralized legal person authorization and dateling one level down and supervising two levels lower is implemented by ICBC. The banking system of ICBC is centeralised in one location. (ICBC, 2009)The strategic business unit refers to the divisional structure. ICBC contains a number of Business Development Departments Corporate Banking, personal banking, investment banking and e-banking, etc. which tush fullfil individualistic needs and satisfactions of clients. A hybrid structure proposes greater flexibility for organisation (Daft, 2007) that aligns with the contemporary corporate aims and strategy with divisional goals, functional expertise and productivity.Source ICBC yearly Report 2005The latest chart of organisation is attached in the appendix.The distribution of powerThe distribution of power has been more decentralised and flexible after ICBC sour into a public corporation as compare to early times when it was non listed. Now every hierarchical level has a decent misadventure to take their decision on their own. Hence, the working attitudes of its employees might increase. Now they will be more motivated as they are part of decision fashioning process and will share the succe ss as well as the losses of the company. The biggest drawback of this managemnt style will be communication network. With decentralising, it will be gruelling to communicate with other hierachical levels because of their interest conflicts. (ICBC, 2009)Enviornmental S provideningTo analyse the strategic position of any company there are several frameworks, techniques, and methods much(prenominal)(prenominal) as SWOT analysis, PESTEL and Porters 5 forces available.SWOT-AnalysisSWOT is an abbreviation for Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats. SWOT analysis is used to identify the internal and impertinent factors which can be used to strike a certain goal or improve the performance of any business. Strengths and Weaknesses are the internal factors of an organisation and Opportunities and Threats are the out-of-door factors to that organisation. The internal factors relate to any company and the external factors relate to the external environment of the organisation. (What is SWOT Analysis, 2011)StrengthsWith a market value of $239,5 billion, ICBC is worlds leading bank in the world by market capitalization and it is as well as one of the Big Four in the domestic Chinese banking industry and has a leading marketing share in China. Due to a backbreaking distribution of network which consist of 18,000 domestic institutions, 203 overseas institutions and over 1,440 correspondent banks worldwide, as well as 7,085 self-service banking centres and 28,656 automated teller machines ICBC has been providing its financial services to (3.10 million corporate banking, 190 million personal banking ) customers. ICBC in addition developed further the cash management as it got the Best RMB Cash Management operate (China) Award by the magazines The Asset and FinanceAsia. in 2008 with the score of 96.23 ICBC topped the list of 50 Most Honoured Listed Companies of China as well as was awarded the best keeper bank by The Asset, Global Custodian, Global Finance and Securities Times.Source own presentationWith 240 million issued bank cards in 2008 ICBC was the largest credit card takings bank in China, an increase of 28.20 million over the end of 2007. Therefore, Visa and MasterCard had awarded ICBC with Award for Leading Technology of Credit Card and Best Product institution of the Year respectively. ICBC is into investment banking, wealth management, insurance and asset management which lead it to the universal banking model alongside the traditional banking which helped them to diversify their revenue flow. In FY2008 and FY2009, the bank generated around 52% of do revenues from corporate banking, personal banking generates 32% of revenues, treasury and other operations contribute 16% of the total revenues. Diverse sources of revenue such as settlement, clearing and cash management, investment banking, corporate wealth management, asset fiduciary, guarantee and commitment were the main causes for non-interest income.WeaknessesICBCs all owance in financial year (FY) 2008 and FY2009 heart and souled to 130.15% and 164.41% of total non-performing loans which was loftyer than the impairment losses on loans in absolute terms of last two years. This increase in allowances was on account of both external and internal factors. Hence, the profitability of the bank was contacted by the increased allowances for impairments.OpportunitiesAt the end of 2010, ICBC had 203 branches in 18 overseas countries and regions and established correspondent bank relationships with 1,358 overseas banks in 122 countries and regions all across the globe. According to Swiss Re, Total takaful premiums written in 2007 was about US$1.7 billion, and it is expected to propagate to US$7 billion by 2015. ICBC can secure the benefits of being the first Chinese player venturing into Islamic banking.Several products and new services has been introduced by the ICBC after the financial crisis as well as facilitating the foreign trade companies to condu ct export and import business.Chinas insurance market is increase rapidly. . In 2013, the Chinese insurance market is bet to draw a gross premium income of $353.4 billion, an increase of over 100% since 2008.ThreatsAfter enjoying the double physique growth for last several years, and the banking industry was benefited roughly of it but late Chinese economy is having a slight decline. In second quarter of 2010, Chinas economy grew by 10.3%, down from 11.9% in the first quarter of 2010 and it might remain the same for the last 2 quarters as well.With emerging China several foreign banks are interested in or already started to undertake a number of businesses, including custodian services investors, insurance agency business etc. Foreign banks in China are allowed to offer over 100 types of products and services under 12 broad categories of business activity. According to the China Banking Regulatory Commission (CBRC), within the five years since Chinas WTO record in early 2002, operational entities opened by foreign banks increased from 190 to 312. Since foreign institutional investors were first allowed to invest in Chinese banks offset in 1996,35 overseas banks have acquired stakes in 23 Chinese banks by 2008. As competition was continued to intensify in 2009. Hence, this could affect the revenues and profits of the bank.PESTEL AnalysisPESTEL is not just the internal environment but also the macro-economic factors affecting the external environment of a company affect the focusing it conducts business. These factors need to be kept in mind while formulating strategies and making decisions for the future. Demand and supply may fluctuate due to a number of brisk variables that may not be in the control of the management. PEST-EL analysis is a framework used for categorizing governmental, Economic, Social, Technological, environmental and Legal issues influencing the operating environment of the organization (Johnson and Scholes 2008).PoliticalIn 1976 China made a huge breakthrough when it abandoned its old autocratic heartyist system and turned into to modern Socialism which was more focused on Market-oriented economy. China has intensified its involvement to international organization since 1990s.After becoming the member of World Trade Organisation (WTO) China has opened the doors for the foreign banks to enter the Chinese banking industry.EconomicChina besides India is one of the emerging giants and it has already occupied the second place as worlds biggest economy after USA. Therefore, China is a very attractive destination for all the foreign companies especially in the manufacturing sector. There is a slight decline in the Chinese Economy due to the financial crisis but the forecast for the coming years is much brighter. In comparison to planned economy before 1976, China is reforming its economy now for a more open market and free trade with other countries.SocialChina ranks at the top in terms of existence which is 1,3 31,460,000 trough 2009.China lacks the high potential individuals and has the insufficient attractionship which can follow the rapid economic growth. To control the population the policy of one electric razor is not seen everywhere with the correct frame of mind. The biggest hurdle for all the foreign companies is the language. Chinese people are tied strongly with their culture therefore local language is the lone(prenominal) way to conduct the business.TechnologicalSince the introduction and popularity of Internet online shopping is more into practice now in China According to CNNIC the number of online purchasers is 420 million. Internet Banking and Telebanking is becoming more common now. In 2006 China had approximately 400 million mobile phone users and 6.1 million of them are connected online.EnvironmentalThe natural resources such as land water and air and the environment of China has been damaged seriously by its rapid economic progression. A large amount of usage of pol luted energy such as Coal and oil. China is the third largest coal and oil consumer in the world.Human right unloose (500,000 individuals are in custody without any charge and trial and 1 million cannot access to Legal system. (Amnesty International)LegalA set of policies has been established by the Bank of China to fight against white colour crimes. More than 200 administrative rules and regularity documents has been implemented by China Banking Regularity Commission to control the financial crimes.China offers a open market to the foreign banks.Porters 5 Forces FrameworkAccording to Porter there are 5 main forces which can shape every market and industry. These five main forces assist to figure out the intensity of competition to the profitability and attractiveness of an industry. Porters 5 forces framework on banking industry in China will ply us a sutiable tool to depict ICBCs position in the chinese banking sector. Being a leader in the banking industry ICBC has to deal with all these forces to sustain its top ranked position. These five forces are risk of new entrants, rivalry, bargaining powes of buyers, bargaining power of providers and bane of subtitute prodcut. Porters 5 forces framework for ICBC as followsRisk of new entrantsThe enty barrier for foreign banks has disappeared when China Joined the WTO in 2002. Many foreign banks consider China a profitable destination for banking industry. Several finanacial and non financial companies can easily come to China and start operating their business.RivalryBesides the Big Four banks in China several other foreign banks have started their operation in China which has intensified the rivalry which has been there forever. Now ICBC has to compete not only with the Big Four sondern with big foreign banks such as HSBC.Bargaining power of buyersBanking industry is a high buyer concentration industry. China is the largest agricultural in terms of its population. A significant number of people use bank servic e, such as deposit money, mortgage, loan, investment, insurance and currency exchange these days. Internet is changing everyones life customers can easily obtain the information via internet. In the banking industry interest rate and service charge are senestive indicators for customers. In recent years various subtitute products and services are available for example currency exchange, insurances and loans and they are provided normally by the other financial institutions.Bargaining power of supplierCredit Card industry is a high concentration ratio industry and ICBC has been awarded with awards from the leading companies such as VISA and MasterCard Worldwide. Although few Aother companies also provide credit card system, such as JCB and American Express but theie market share in the world is much less than VISA and MAstercard. So switiching cost might be high for ICBC.Substitute productsInternet made a huge difference to many organisations when it comes to deal with money. Now th ey do not need to transfer huge ammouts through banks. They can do the same with other low charge service and it is also more convinient. The services such as Real-time money transfer (i.e. Western Union), real-time payment (i.e. Paypal), currency exchange (i.e. Xe.com) and insurance (i.e. InsWeb.com) through Internet provide a high whole tone but low service charge service.Resource auditOpportunities can be created and exploit in the external environment in which a business usually operates. Besides these opportunities threats are also present which can impair any business. However, to deal with these threats and exploit the opportunities, a business requires the right resources and capabilities. The current holding resources of any company can be recognized by the resource audit. These resources can be either owned (e.g. plant, machinery) or acquired from other resources such as partnerships and joint ventures.Financial resourcesExisting FinanceAccording to the first quarterly re port (2011) of ICBC, the bank has continued to push forward to their growth and obtained a sustainable profit as compare to last year. The total assets have an increase of 6.92% from the last year and its value is now 14,389,996 (RMB in million). Besides the assets the liabilities have also increased simultaneously and its value is now 13,517,771(RMB in million) which are 6.97% more than last quarter. The equity attributable to equity holders has an increment of double digit (10.54%). Net profit for this period is 53,836 (RMB in million) which is 29.03% more than the first quarter of 2010. The result shows the successful instruction execution of their strategy local and globally.Human resourcesICBC is enjoying the services of 387,000 employees till December 2010 at its global and local centres.Physical resourcesICBC has till now around 18,000 outlets and 23,000 ATMs all over China.Intangible resourcesAs being the leading show in the banking industry ICBC is enjoying their good bra nd image. ICBC has also obtained the partnerships with several banks all across the world especially in Africa. ICBC has also won the reputation for their Internet banking services. ICBC has one of the secure internet banking system in China.Current StrategyIn June 2009 ICBC had introduced its three year new Development Strategy Plan and effectuation Scheme of that plan to all its offices. In the last ten years of ICBCs strategic transformation this plan is the second three year plan and it was ground on the implementation experience of the emergence strategy plan of years between 2006 and 2008. This plan was produced after a comprehensive analysis of the latest development of ICBC and the economic and financial trends at domestic level and global level.Implementation experience of old Plan (2006-2008)The base of this strategic plan was laid on the experience of achievements and failures which had been achieved by ICBC in last 20 years as well as on the direction of Chinas financ ial reforms. The aim was set to achieve this strategic transformation within next 10 years. The strategies such as adjustment of management structure, development by areas, innovation, service differentiation, cross-border management, comprehensive risk control, and tension on technology and human capital were executed successfully and ICBC got better results than it originally expected. Therefore, at the end of 2008 ICBC became the number one ranked bank in market value as well as it became the most profitable bank in the world. ICBC was mainly successful because it enhanced the capability of comprehensive profit-making, paying(a) a close attention to risk control and decided to achieve transformation in self-development.ICBCc new three year Plan (2009-2011)The successful implementation of previous strategic plan gave ICBC the assurance to carry out transformation strategy further to sustain the progress in development. The new plan offers the directive idea that Guided by scient ific outlook on development, striving to enhance core competitiveness, continuing to promote management structural transformation, developing more innovations, and achieving fast, stable and sustainable development of ICBC to seize opportunities to strengthen and to brace its market position. To apply this strategy ICBC has decided to start from the reality and carry out the scientific outlook on development into every step of transition. The New Plan proposes ten strategic projects which attach emphasis to structure adjustment, finance innovation, service upgrading and etc., and a set of precise objectives and measures for various regions and for diverse services according to the general objective and task design of the ten strategic projects. For the successful execution of the strategies ICBC also introduced an implementation scheme to make thorough and specific arrangements of the tasks and responsibilities for different departments and branch offices. ICBC establishes coordinat ion mechanisms to coordinate the New Plan to ensure the flexibility and adaptability. Furthermore, at the start of distributively year, required adjustments will be made to the evaluate indicators according to the actual changes in the business environment and the implementation effect of the new plan in the preceding year. The existing problems, implementation progress and the implementation situation would be strictly monitored through regular inspections and reported to the Board of directors.To accommodate their corporate social responsibilities ICBC has developed poverty alleviation project in Nanjiang County and Tongjiang County in Sichuan Province and Chengkou County in the city of Chongqing. Over 300 (RMB in millions) has ICBC invested already in this project. This amount includes loans as well as the donations which have been distributed by the bank to eight hope projects which includes schools and medical treatment centres. There are several other projects which ICBC is instantly responsible or helping them to improve the social life of the people of China.According to the Annual Report Announcement 2010 ICBC has earned more profit in 2010 as compare to 2009. ICBC is getting those results because of their clear and good implementation of that strategy. Besides the increased profit overseas asset size had also increased in the last year as shown in the following diagram. That explains very clearly that ICBC is on the right path regarding their domestic and global strategy. The exceptional outcome of ICBC in 2010 especially at a time when it was concerned with a complex and changing operating environment was mainly a result of the Banks successful implementation of its strategy at home as well as overseas. 12 new branches had been established in 2010 and a global network encompassing 203 overseas subsidiaries placed in 28 countries, spreading over five continents worldwide.Every business company faces threats and challenges although the numbers depic t the different picture. These challenges could be overcome by the company by bringing some minor changes in their business strategy. As many other companies ICBC also faces some challenges which needed to be addressed. Firstly, ICBC is growing very rapidly which can cause some problem as it may affect their quality of service. Secondly the bigger challenge which is coming in the way of ICBC is the competition with foreign banks. After several foreign banks entering China makes hard for the ICBC. Now ICBC has more competition and even small mistakes can lead to huge financial and customer losses.Reccomendations for improvementICBC is facing a few challenges during their successful stint. These challenges has been mentioned above. These are not huge challenges and does not need any drastic changes in their strategy doemstically and globally.First challenge which was mentioned is their rapid growth. To grow fast is not a challenge unless you start compromising on the quality of your s ervices. To keep in check this problem they need more check and balance in their organsiational structuer. As I mentioned above in the organisational structure that the main problem of their structure is communication problem. When IC BC can sort out that problem then there will be no compromise in the quality.Secondly, the callenge which can cause ICBC more problem is the competition in the chinese banking sector with the foreign banks as well as with the chinese banks. These foreign banks are entering China with much more oncoming force. Now ICBC can not afford any mishandling with their customer. A small mistake can lead ICBC to huge financial and customer loses. ICBC needs to transform their strategy in a way that they deal with their competetors in a way that they do not lose any customers locally as well as globally.

Comparative Political Systems France Germany Politics Essay

Comparative Political Systems France Germany Politics EssayFrance is a democratic republic with a fan tanary founded on the principle of the sectionalisation of powers executive, legislative and judiciary. The national Republic of Germany has a democratic constitution and its constitution was elaborated in 1949 with the great West powers help such as the coupled States, Great Britain and France. Their parliamentary and democratic constitution is based on the Constitution of the United States and the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen of 1789. But Germany is a federal field and differs with France by its original organization.Firstly, what is a federal state? In fact, it is like an association of different states where the central power coordinates several departments. However, each state itself has epoch-making autonomy. Each federated state has its own government, its own deputy chambers. After the First World War, the Weimar Republic alike had a federa l system. The only stream without federalism was under the third Reich with Hitler in 1949. The notion of native outlandish is very strong in every German speaking country. Indeed, the native country is more(prenominal) classical than the nation.In addition of being a federal country, German political system is very structured. The executive power is in the hands of the President, the premier and the Lnder. The president is not elected by the universal suffrage and in fact, has just a representative role. The president is elected for a confines of quintette years, not more than two edges by a federal assembly which is constituted by deputies of the Bundestag, the federal dieting and by the Landtage delegates. Moreover, during the French-German summits, we go off see two public figures on stage on the one hand is the German chancellor and on the other hand is the French president. in that locationfrom in France, unlike in Germany, the President is the most important figure. The French presidential election proceeds like the legislative elections. There is then a second round if none of the candidates obtains the majority in the first round. The candidature to the presidential election obliged the candidates to obtain 500 signatures of elected people, whether they are Deputies or local anaesthetic Counselor. The French President appoints the Prime minister who appoints the government. The President leads the ministers council. The President approves or refuses to promulgate new laws or to appoint the public officials. He is the drumhead of the national protection and has the highest power to decide to use the French nuclear or not. He is also the head of the foreign affairs, one of his most important representative roles. He can dissolve the National multitude after consulting the Prime Minister who is the head of the National Assembly and the Senate. The German chancellor, or tiptop minister, is in charge of the Federal Government, is appointed by the Parliament and finally forms the Government. The Lnders are elected by the universal suffrage, have their own parliament and their local government.The French Prime Minister, appointed by the President, can recruit the ministers he wants and suggests them to the president. The prime minister exerts a strong power on the Assembly and leads the French government.The German legislative power is the federal parliament which is constituted by two chambers the Bundestag or the deputy chamber which is elected by the universal suffrage for four years and the Bundesrat which represents each Lnder. The members of the Bundesrat are appointed by their local government. The Bundestag votes the laws, elects the federal chancellor and controls the government. Half of their deputies are at one time elected by a simple majority, the other half are locally elected and have to have at least 5 five per cent in the company they are in to be represented. The Bundestag has 656 seats. The Bundesrat r epresents the sixteen federal Lnder and is composed of sixty nine delegates appointed by the local government. Each Lnder is represented by three to six delegates who can only express their opinion in a whole. When the Bundestag and the Bundesrat disagree, an arbitration committee is make with members of these two chambers.The French fifth Republic is a democratic and parliamentary regime. It is bicameral with the presence of the National Assembly and the Senate. Both of them form the Congress. The Senate represents regions and villages and is composed of 422 members called senators. Their term of office is very long because it lasts nine years. One third of the senators are reelected every three years. They are indirectly elected by the senator delegates. The senate discusses the laws which have been voted by the National Assembly and approves or refuses them. The senate tends to be conservative and this can explain the left parties toughness with their members than with the right parties. remote Germany, France is a totally centralized country where the central power is in Paris. Doubtlessly, the different regions exist but hardly have autonomy because decisions are taken in Paris. This can be explained by the wishes of all the kings of France since Hugues Capet in 987, later followed by Louis XIV who all wanted to attract aristocratic people in order to watch them closely. The French transition and then the emperor Napoleon had just strengthened the French centralization.Despite many clashes in France, French people are more patriotic than German people. French people feel that they are the heirs of a long cultural and state tradition. They feel that they belong to an entity, the nation which is for them something stable, immutable, or even endless.The French commie PCF (parti communiste franais) ships company was the second most powerful party in the West after the Italian communist party. During these last three decades, the French communist party has always had the dissenting role. Despite their high affinity with the working class, they are left out of the national government. Their role is almost only local where there is a high amount of working people.The extremist FN (Front National) party like the National Front has always been led by one man named Jean-Marie Le Pen who is the heir of a tradition which is the extreme right. Their supporters and the extreme left have in common the basic dissatisfaction of their present governing political party. similar the leftist, the extreme right hates the ruling and political class which are for them part of the general conspiracy against people. This party dream of a fundamental change of the society. Unlike the extreme right party which is anti-individualistic and anti-Semitic, the extreme left is individualistic and anarchistic. Their ideal is a hierarchical society, strictly ordered and disciplined. This party is hardly happy because they hypothesise that their country is gnawed by virus which is composed of Jewish people, crooked politicians, selfish intellectuals, homosexuals, immigrant workers, and sick people from the HIV Jean-Marie Le Pen supports the idea of xenophobia which is widespread in France because some French people are overwhelmed by a swarthy immigrants and colored peoples wave. The feeling of their powerlessness caused by this immigration is growing more and more because all these hated people have the French nationality. Jean-Marie Le Pen and his supporters want to modify the French nationality regulation, making it restrictive.The oldest and one of the greatest parties in Germany is the SPD which is a social democrat party. This party was founded before the Second World War.The CDU party was founded in 1945 after the Second World War for the socialist reorganization of the society. This party thinks that the Marxist socialism is the best way to come to the Christian ideals. This party is like the PSU party, they are both communist.The F DP is a liberal politic German party founded in 1948. This party defends the basic freedom and free trades. This party is at a timeadays the third party of the Bundestag by their seats number which has 96 deputy seats. It is also present in five out of sixteen Lnder. It is the party of the executive people, the high and middle class. The FDP has governed for 42 years in total and is now still governing after ten years of opposition.To conclude, these two countries have slightly different political systems but they are both one of the worlds power. The Federal Republic of Germany is the most populated country in the European Union with about 80 million inhabitants since the reunification of Germany in 1990. Moreover it is the third scotch power after the United States and Japan. Thus, it is an important part of the European Union like France with their economic power. France is historically one of the firmest supporters of European Integration and this has benefited French industri alisation significantly.

Americas Culture Essays -- Cultural Society Multiculturalism Essays

Americas Culture America is cultural diversity. It is not home to cardinal race or one agriculture. The building of Ameri displace history was done through Irish, Black, Japanese, Korean, and umpteen other cultures combined. The people of these various backgrounds came together for a common cause. To attempt create the association that they believed was better than there original origins mien of life. Many of these founders undertook great hardships and some even death to create something that some people many times overlook or take for granted. If you look at our American society as a whole, you will notice that many Americans share original beliefs and even customs in common. From the objects in our houses to the food we eat and the clothing they wear. Being American has become more than just a place of support on a passport. America is a way of life. It is a culture all of its own. Some may argue that America is simply the place where you can live freely and safely, but no t a true culture or origin because some believe that ones true culture is the culture of the society that grandparents of years past had before migrating to the join States. But, I see America as more than just that. I am uplifted of my familys heritage and what traditions we do continue, but I believe that my family has become greatly assimilated to the Mainstream Culture of America. I define Mainstream Culture as the American way of life, The standards and traditions that society has developed on how Americans should live. I do not see this as a negative happening. It is an inevitable idea that happens to every immigrant family that has been newly introduced to the United States. Immigrants do not forget their ethic culture, they simply adapt. Bhararti Mukherjee... ...nd something that has become respected though out the world. There is a sense of pride that comes along with verbalise that you come from such a great country. Lets hope that this great culture that exists in thi s great country never stops being taught. Bibliography Bray, Thomas. Memorial Day and Multiculturalism. Detroit News 24 May 1998. 16 pars. 15 September 2000 . Kitchens, Marshall Discussion Board. Oakland University 2000. Http//www.oakland.edu/kitchens Mukherjee, Bhararti. Two Ways to Belong in America. BorderTexts ethnic Readings for Contemporary Writers. Ed. Randall Bass. Boston Houghton-Mifflin, 1999. 116-119. Takaki, Ronald. A Different Mirror. BorderTexts Cultural Readings for Contemporary Writers. Ed. Randall Bass. Boston Houghton-Mifflin, 1999. 589-596.

Epogen :: Science Biology Papers

EpogenEpogen is produced by the company Amgen. Amgen located atThousand Oaks, California, is a global biotechnology company. It discovers, develops, manufactures, and markets human therapeutics based on advanced cellular and molecular biology. Amgen, founded in 1980, is now the largest biotechnology company in the world. It has 4,200 employers around the world and 2,700 of the 4,200 workers, work at the headquarters in Thousand Oaks. Amgen has centers of research in Boulder, Colorado and Toronto, Canada clinical research centers in Cambridge, England and Melbourne, Australia the international distribution center in Louisville, Kentucky, fill and finish facility in Junco, Puerto Rico and European regional headquarters in Lucerne, Switzerland. Amgen has other international offices that are located in Austria, Australin, Belgium, Canada, China, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, Hong Kong, Portugal, Spain, and the United Kingdom. (Amgen 1996)Amgens first product, Epogen was approved in June 1989 for use in the United States. Neupogen (filgrastim) Amgens second product, received compliment for use in February 1991, is utilise for preventing infections in cancer patients that receive chemotherapy for bone marrow and peripheral blood progenitor cell transplantation patients and treatment for chronic neutropenia, which is a rare blood disorder. Amgen has research in the areas of hematopoiesis, neurobiology, inflammation/autoimmunity, and soft tissue repair and regeneration. Products from the research, in the four areas mentioned from above, may, sometime in the future, be used in treating conditions characterized by disorders of blood and bone marrow, neurodegenerative diseases such as ALS, Parkinsons, Alzheimers, or traumatic nerve injury.EpogenEpoetin Alfa recombinant Epogen, or Epogen, has 3,000 units of recombinant Epoetin Alfa, 2.5 mg Albumin (Human) in sterile buffered ascendant (pH 6.9 +/- 0.3) of sodium citrate (5.8mg), sodium chloride (5.8mg) , citric acid (0.06mg), in Water for injection.Its uses are stimulating the body to make red blood cells, treatments of anemia (loss or reduction of red blood cells) associated with chronic renal failure or anemia caused by AZT (zidovudine) in HIV-infected persons. Before Epogen was produced or used, blood transfusions and young-begetting(prenominal) hormone therapy was used in treating anemia, which was caused by chronic renal failure. Epogen StudiesStudies on Epogen are available from Amgen, Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and the Journal of the American connection of Nephrology. One study by Amgen was to establish the safety and efficacy of EPOGEN in pediatric patients (Amgen 89), the second study from FDA, was about erythropoietin, which is