AIDS :: Free AIDS Essays

AIDSThe United Nations AIDS organization released disturbing estimates Thursdayof the manifestly relentless expansion of the human immunodeficiency virus pandemic.At a time when many Americans are increasingly optimistic that state-of-the-art drug therapy might eliminate the virus, HIV is taking a heavy toll worldwide.According to the agency, every minute of every day somewhere in the world,six people become infected with HIV 7,500 adults per day and 1,000 children.About 30 million people have acquired the virus during the last 15 years 6.4million of them have died of AIDS.Behind this attach death count are the signs of growing social disruption.For example, in sub-Saharan Africa, more than 1 million children have lost theirparents to AIDS. And within four years, there will be more than 2 million AIDSorphans in the following seven countries combined Dominican Republic, Kenya,Rwanda, Thailand, Uganda, the United States, and Zambia.Illness and death among immature adults due to H IV have reached such proportionsin some countries that over every last(predicate) national economics and productivity are affected.In Uganda, for example, 44 percent of all premature deaths are attributable toAIDS. In terms of years of labor productivity, AIDS is responsible for more than66 percent of Ugandas economically significant losses.The virus is also spreading into new areas. For example-During the last three years, HIV-infection rates among Vietnameseprostitutes jumped from 9 percent to 38 percent.-Infection rates among blood donors in the Kampuchean capital of Phnom Penhhave soared from 0.1 percent to more than 10 percent.-In the Ukrainian Black Sea port of Nikolayev, HIV-infection rates amongnarcotics users exploded in 1995, jumping from a 1.7 percent in January to 56.5percent in November.-South Africa, long spared, is now being overrun.

MMX Technology :: essays research papers fc

MMX TM Technology The MMX TM Technology extension to the Intel Architecture is designed to accelerate multimedia and communications software running on Intel Architecture processors (Peleg and Weiser). The technology introduces untried data types and instructions that implement a SIMD architecture model and is defined in a way that maintains full compatibility with all animate Intel Architecture processors, operating systems, and applications. MMX technology on average delivers 1.5 to 2 times performance gains for multimedia and communications applications in comparison to running on the same processor but without using MMX technology. This extension is the most significant addition to the Intel Architecture since the Intel I386 and will be implemented on proliferation of the Pentium processor family and also appear on future Intel Architecture processors.The media extensions for the Intel Architecture (IA) were designed to enhance performance of advanced media and communication applications. The MMX technology provides a new level of performance to computer platforms by adding new instructions and defining new 64-bit data types, while preserving compatibility with software and operating systems genuine for the Intel Architecture. The MMX technology introduces new general-purpose instructions. These instructions operate in parallel on multiple data elements packed into 64-bit quantities. They perform arithmetic and logical operations on the different data types. These instructions accelerate the performance of applications with compute-intensive algorithms that perform localized, recurring operations on small native data. This includes applications such as performance video, combined graphics with video, image processing, audio synthesis, speech synthesis and compression, telephony, video conferencing, 2D graphics, and 3D graphics The MMX instruction set has a simple and tensile software model with no new mode or operating-system visible state. The MMX instruction set is fully compatible with all Intel Architecture microprocessors. All existing software continues to run correctly, without modification, on microprocessors that incorporate the MMX technology, as well as in the presence of existing and new applications that incorporate this technology. MMX technology provides the following new features, while maintaining backward compatibility with all existing Intel Architecture microprocessors, IA applications, and operating systems New data types, eight MMX registers, enhanced instruction set. The performance of applications which use these new features of MMX technology can be exchanged. The principal data type of the IA MMX technology is the packed fixed-point integer. The decimal point of the fixed-point values is implicit and is left for the user to control for upper limit flexibility.

The Powerful Words of Amy Tan, Maxine Hairston, and Mike Rose Essay

The Powerful Words of Amy convert, Maxine Hairston, and Mike Rose The power of course is immeasurable. Words help people to voice their opinions and express their thoughts and feelings. Our everyday lives are shaped by communication and in general language. A persons language cease often influence success and happiness. America is viewed as a melting pot for numerous different people and their respective languages. Language is so rattling in our society that a person of diverse ethnical background can face many tribulations throughout their everyday life. Many renowned writers and another(prenominal) professionals have expressed their personal opinion about the value of words over the last few years. Chinese-American author Amy Tan is one of the many writers who transform the importance of the simplest words in the face language. Tan, author of the Joy Luck Club, was born and raised in San Francisco by her Chinese parents. Tan graduated from broad(prenominal) school and purs ued her college education at five different universities from 1969 through 1976. Contrary to what her teachers had always tried to push on her, Tan steered away from studies in math and science and earned her B.A. in English and Linguistics. She describes that her educational choices were rebellious in nature. In Tans essay she describes the hardships of growing up with a mother who encountered problems with the English language. When I was growing up, my mothers limited English limited my perception of her, Tan explains. She describes situations where her mother was treated rudely and explains that apologies were always proposed when Tan would interrupt with flawless English. Tan also discusses the educational problems that multicultural students have inside the classroom today. She ... ...ven the impression that it would harm her childrens education. The essays written by Tan, Hariston and Rose all address an issue within our educational system that demands immediate attention. In the land of the free with so many various freedoms for citizens, every student should be proud of their own ethnic background. Never should students be steered away from their goals or looked down upon because of their grammatical abilities. Overall students should be proud of their ethnic background and proud at the same fourth dimension to be an American. Works Cited Hairston, Maxine. Diversity, Ideology, and Teaching Writing. College Composition and Communication 43.2 (May1992) 179-195. Rose, Mike. Lives on the Boundary The Struggles and Achievements of Americas Underpreparred. New York Free Press, 1989. Tan, Amy. Mother Tongue. Three Penny Review. 1990.

Gun Control in Canada Essay -- Argumentative Persuasive Essays

There has been considerable debate recently in Canada over the wall socket of gun control. The Canadian parliament enacted the Firearms symbolise to enforce gun control by requiring gun owners to register their firearms. Just recently, the government of Alberta lead in a charge, including five other provinces and numerous pro-gun groups, complaining that the law is unconstitutional and intrudes on provincial jurisdiction. They also claim that the act infringes on property and civil rights that be guaranteed in the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. Parliament contends that the government of Canada is within its rights to protect public steady-goingty. Pro-gun control organizations, police chiefs and the City of Toronto also back the Firearms Act. The enacting of the Firearms Act by the government of Canada is legitimately constitutional and is within the jurisdiction of Parliament as it only seeks to protect the well being of Canadians. Furthermore, this legislation does no t intrude on provincial jurisdiction because it is a representation of all Canadians rights.The Canadian law that requires the licensing and registration of handguns has been around since the 1930s. The new statute, enacted in 1995 is currently down the stairs heated debate, the act extends the licensing and registration requirements to shotguns and rifles. Wendy Cukier, president of the Coalition for Gun Control says, More Canadians are killed with rifles and shotguns every year than with handguns. The ultimate purpose of the Act match to the government is to reduce firearm offences and violent crimes including murder. Moreover, Cukier believes the real issue is saving lives, as licensing and registration help make gun owners more accountable. She also points out(p) a list of kids killed with firearms- a boy shot at a birthday party, a Grade 3 student shot as his pair off played with a rifle. Gun control advocates may also highlight some other incidents involving firearms inclu ding the 1989 massacre at Montreals Ecole Polytechnique that claimed the lives of fourteen women and the recent instill shooting that killed a fifteen-year old student. Ironically, the shooting occurred at a Taber, Alberta high school, the same province that is leading a fight to strike down the Firearms Act as unconstitutional. On February 21 and 22 of this year, the Supreme Court of Canada was asked to rule whether th... ...legitimate recreational pursuits and guns are the tools of some trades. At the same time, guns intimidate guns maim and guns kill. It is on the nose because of this paradox that guns are used for good as well as evil- that controversy surrounds government efforts at gun control.It is clear that the new firearms legislation is look out only for the best interests of the citizens of Canada. Public safety and well-being undoubtedly takes precedence to a traditional gun culture. The argument by pro-gun advocates that licensing and registering firearms will ann ul them into criminals is invalid since guns have the potential to seriously injure and kill people and thus, should be treated with caution and special care.The Firearms Act enacted by the government of Canada should be considered as a positive notion and not as a law that invades on property and civil rights. The reason why Canada is a safe country is all due to our strict gun control laws. Moreover, if this statute was struck down as unconstitutional, there is no doubt in my nous that Canada would head towards a gun culture society that would inevitably lead to more violent crime and murders involving firearms.

I Am Committed to Becoming a Historian :: Statement Purpose College Admissions

I Am Committed to Becoming a HistorianAs a Ph.D. student in U.S. history, I would like to continue to explore the intersections of culture and economics in U.S. history, especially as they relate to working-class life and consumption. Although I am now move to becoming a historian, my academic background has been quite varied. Disillusioned with the often reductionist truths of physical science, I transferred from the School of Engineering to State College after my primary year. As an undergraduate, I not only majored in history, but also concentrated in mathematics, especially as it related to economics. For a year, I acted as an economic research assistant, and, following that, I worked on a joint project with the Federal Reserve Bank and the National Bureau of Economic look (NBER) doing empirical research in labor economics. During the summer after my junior year, I received a research grant from Columbia, the Edwin Robbins Prize, for my senior thesis cutting York Organized La bor and Prohibition Resistance The No Beer, No Work Movement of 1919. A forgotten moment in labor history, it was a fascinating intersection of culture, gender, and class, examining the topsy-turvy boundary between economic and social life. Some local trade-unionists co-opted a catchy slogan, No Beer, No Work, with the intent of fomenting a national general strike, attempting to fork out the saloon, galvanize class consciousness, and lead workers into a labor party. The strike more than failed it never occurred. However, teasing out the relationships between the primary documents excited me like nonentity I had ever done before. Though I continued to work at the Federal Reserve the following year, I knew the historians methods, and not the economists, were what I precious to pursue in my graduate work. This year I received a Fulbright Scholarship to research working-class history at the University of Toronto. Presently, my research centers on the go on of Canadian nationalism in Toronto within U.S.-dominated unions after WWII. I examine how anti-Communist discourses restricted and/or enabled nationalist movements within the union hierarchy, and how that affected transnational top executive relations and local economic/political action. My abstract is under consideration for a conference on transnationalism, Crossing Borders, to take place in February at the University of Toronto. I also plan to present a paper, based on my senior thesis, on working-class resistance to Prohibition at the New Frontiers in Graduate History conference at York University in March.

I Am Committed to Becoming a Historian :: Statement Purpose College Admissions

I Am Committed to Becoming a HistorianAs a Ph.D. student in U.S. history, I would like to sojourn to explore the intersections of culture and economics in U.S. history, especially as they relate to working- yr life and consumption. Although I am now committed to becoming a historian, my academic background has been quite varied. Disillusioned with the often reductionist truths of physical science, I transferred from the School of Engineering to State College after my first year. As an undergraduate, I not only majored in history, but as well concentrated in mathematics, especially as it related to economics. For a year, I acted as an economic look assistant, and, following that, I worked on a joint project with the Federal Reserve Bank and the National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) doing empirical inquiry in labor economics. During the summer after my junior year, I received a research grant from Columbia, the Edwin Robbins Prize, for my senior thesis New York Organized cru sade and Prohibition Resistance The No Beer, No Work Movement of 1919. A forgotten moment in labor history, it was a fascinating intersection of culture, gender, and class, examining the untidy boundary amidst economic and social life. Some local trade-unionists co-opted a catchy slogan, No Beer, No Work, with the intent of fomenting a national general strike, attempting to save the saloon, galvanize class consciousness, and lead workers into a labor party. The strike more than failed it n perpetually occurred. However, teasing out the relationships between the primary documents excited me like nothing I had ever done before. Though I continued to work at the Federal Reserve the following year, I knew the historians methods, and not the economists, were what I wanted to pursue in my graduate work. This year I received a Fulbright Scholarship to research working-class history at the University of Toronto. Presently, my research centers on the rise of Canadian nationalism in Toront o within U.S.-dominated unions after WWII. I examine how anti-Communist discourses restricted and/or enabled nationalist movements within the union hierarchy, and how that affected transnational power relations and local economic/political action. My abstract is under consideration for a conference on transnationalism, Crossing Borders, to take place in February at the University of Toronto. I also plan to present a paper, based on my senior thesis, on working-class resistance to Prohibition at the New Frontiers in Graduate recital conference at York University in March.

Perspective on Customer Service Today

Providing excellent, and memorable, client support is important for client retention. Without exceptional support, your clients will not return. Average or mediocre support wont keep your customers either, and grim customer service will simply drive them away. As a business owner or manager, you need to ensure that your business is focused on understanding what is good customer service and how to define customer service. With that understanding in place, you can work on building and proceeding great customer service, and game customer propitiation levels.If a customer is satisfied that means that a product of service has met his expectations and that he was not dissatisfied by it. Customer satisfaction is doubtlessly very important, and it is the precondition for repeat purchases and it prevents the customer from telling others about his disappointing experiences. A loyal customer, however, is more than a customer who frequently purchases from a company. both serious effort to m anage customer perceptions starts with a good measurement system.Companies must be truly willing to look at the whole motion of interaction through the customers eyes. An upset customer calls, using profane language on the phone. The man indicates your business can never do anything right, and it is difficult to maintain your temper and a positive attitude when an irate customer directs their anger and frustration at you. Most people take the experience personally and in a flash become defensive, and often this only exasperates a difficult situation and makes it worse.CVS Samaritan Vans Did you know that CVS has been patrolling the streets and highways for the past 30 years, looking to help stranded motorists? The Consumerist has a story of a woman stranded on a busy highway with a flat tire, and a CVS Good Samaritan van rolled up five minutes later and helped change her tire, and the cost for the service was only her sending in a comment card to CVS. Make it easy and convenient for customers and employees to offer feedback.I think that the best management information comes from the point of experience, where your customers and employees do their thing. For me this is where your company lives yet its something too many managers never see or give away or feel, I think. Capture this priceless information by creating easy and quick ways for your staff and customers to give you feedback, and then acknowledge the feedback you receive, appreciate it and do something with it or theyll stop sending it your way. Feedback is priceless

Street Crime

Street crimes argon commonplace in Pakistan. Almost allone has a layer to tell about having a purse or a wallet stolen everyday street crimes appear in the news headlines. They usually only authorize in the big cities, where there are homeless street-people. An analysis of the official data compiled by the Citizens-Police Liaison Committee (CPLC) reveals that, on an average, 124 mobile phones are snatched/stolen every day. In the preceding year, the figure had stood at 76.The growing trend of cellphone snatching and theft in Karachi reflects the failure of the police in containing the crime. Despite the IMEI mechanism having been actuate to get the handsets jammed by the concerned cellular companies, there has been a little or no improvement in the overall situation. The major causes are unemployment and illiteracy but there are some other factors too like lawlessness, fundamentalism, backwardness and double standards prevailing in the society.The government should take move to control these street crimes in Pakistan to make Pakistan a peaceful country STREET CRIME the increase of street crimes. Daily we hear of murders, robberies and rapes. These are categorize as street crimes. Some crimes are senseless and preventable. Mobile phone snatching, car (autos) snatching on gun point, purse snatching from women and target killing are likewise street crimes that are newly introduced.The main reasons of these crimes are unemployment, illiteracy, poverty and inability of the institutions, responsible to maintain law and order. Government must take preventive measures as early as possible otherwise they will take the whole society in grip of street crimes. In the first instance, sincere steps must be taken to solve the unemployment problem,. Existing education system provide incentives to poor people and training of police department on new-made scientific lines.

Islamic Economic System

INTRODUCTION Islam is a complete code of life which pop the questions its consume societal, political and sparing governances to guide human behavior in all(prenominal) spheres of life. History has recorded that the economicalal arranging of Islam, for the first time in the demesne had established social and economic justice during the period of al-Khilafah al-Rashidah. In any ideal Muslim family, socio-economic justice is considered as one of the almost signifi adviset point of referenceistics for the social, political, and economic as well as all realms of human interaction.Exploitation and any source of unjustified enrich custodyt in Islam be prohibited. The Holy Quran has emphatically instructed Muslims non to acquire separately others property wrongfully. Islam is non an ascetic religion. It takes a positive view of life as the natural out enumerate of the belief that human universes atomic number 18 the immoralitygerents of everyah (Swt). The cracks for intimacy/riba has been laid down as augment in principal f atomic number 18 and add with respect to deportment period, the to a greater extent period vexs more increase. affair/riba has been categorized into dickens types.After describing sideline/riba and its types, reasons make water been sought for inhibition of amuse/riba from leger referring to Surah Al-Rum-39, Surah Al-Nisa-161, Surah Al-Imran 130-2 and Surah Al-Baqrah 275-281. Help from hadith (Muslim, Ahmed, Tirmidhi and Ibn-e-Majah) has as well as been sought. am social function/riba generates unhomogeneous evils similar clean evils, social evils and economic evils. The goals of socio-economic justice and equitable distri exactlyion of income and wealthiness be integral breaks of the moral philosophy of Islam.However, one of the socio-economic reforms made by Islam was the prohibition of riba ( affaire). About the efficacy and usefulness of the prohibition of interest in Islam, Muslim economists have tri ed to provide the juridical clarity and support based on reason, as opposed to unmingled belief. The purpose of this paper is to spell out the meaning of riba or interest, its varied bods, and the social, moral, as well as economic rationale of its prohibition.The centimeral feature of an Moslem financial organization is the absolute prohibition of the payment and receipt of interest. Thus, countries that have chosen to make their economic systems into closer ossification with the rules prescribed by Moslem law have had to restructure their banking Systems to conform to the restriction on interest based financial transactions. One of the main subjects in Moslem sparing is content on ration of rake-off to currency devaluation compensation.In Iran which average inflation rate has been 20% during the last 30 long time (that is prices have been averagely multiplied by 240 in the last 30 years) on the one top and currency devaluation compensation is exami want usury on the buttocks of traditional explanation of usury on the other hand, the fact that devaluation compensation is considered as usury causes the holders of interest secrete deposit to face continual and evident devaluation and whence cause the holders of fixed salary and cash asset to have zero purchasing power over time and some entrust benefit (including government and then possessors of e reconciles) and some testament lose.The incurred loss ordain be the alike as the benefit of some beneficiaries leading to s female genitaliatness of the poor and wealth of the rich and impingement of rule of dominance in private ownership. On the basis of traditional jurisprudence, compensation for currency devaluation is regarded the same as inflation rate and non compensation pull up stakes lead to undesirable consequences.In this article, this traditional attitude has been challenged and we can say that compensation for decrease of purchasing power which is the same as inflation rate is non exclusively usury but also infallible with regard to economic changes in the current era and this is closer to justice recomm prohibited in religious law. With regard to the mentioned material, importance of currency devaluation compensation is made evident.In fact, this article seeks to answer this question whether currency devaluation compensation is one of the usury evidences or non and if it is necessary to fabricate it in transaction (especially in bourne transaction)?. Substantive hypothesis of this research is that compensation for purchasing power decrease in transaction (especially in loan) is necessary. more has been written on the interpretation of the term interest/riba, Interest on the wisdom underlying its prohibition, on its economic and social implications and on the practical aspects of the Islamic economy which is supposed to work without interest.It is explained that the people not conversant with principles of Islam and economic philosophy of Islam believe that voidance of interest/riba from banks and financial institutions makes them charitable, rather than commercialised concerns which offer financial services without a chase away. This is their wrong assumption that interest wanton loan is meant for cooperative and charitable activities and not normally for commercial transactions. It is clear that elimination of interest from financial activities does not mean that lender cannot earn put on.If funding is made for commercial purpose, it can be based on the concept of Musharakah and Mudarabah. Islam light novel systems which were beyond the reach and perception of human beings to think and develop. LITERATURE REVIEW practically has been written on Interest and its evils. Prohibition of interest in Islam is basically is an effort to prevent the society from the evils of interest. Interest free people economy is an ideal economic system, model of which is presented by Islam by means of Quran and Hadith.Prophet Muhamma d (S. A. W) laid down the basis of interest free economic system 1400 years ago and Khulfa-e-Rashidain carry that work and establish an economic model that is role model for straight offs economists and for those who atomic number 18 contributing their efforts for establishing an Interest free economic system. Regarding subject matter in the present article which studies relationship between them, the related literature ( moreover Quran & Hadith) relates to the natural-fangled 30 years.Islamic prohibited Interest as Quran verbalize Allah deprives riba of all blessing and develops charity (Al-Baqara-276) The interest that you hold back in order to increase the wealth of the people, does not increase in the sight of Allah (Al-Rum-39) Basic concept of Interest/riba is explained by Quran, Hadith, Islamic and other scholars in an easy agency. Fourth Revelation (Surah Al-Baqarah, verses 275-281) Those who take in riba leave alone not stand except as stands one whom the evil one b y his touch hath driven to madness. That is because they say Trade is like riba.But Allah hath permitted trade and command riba. Those who after receiving direction from their Lord, desist, shall be pardoned for the past their case is for Allah (to judge). But those who repeat (the offence) be companions of the fire they testament abide therein (forever). (275) Allah further tell O you who believe, observe your duty to Allah and wee-wee up what ashes ( repayable) from interest, if you argon believers. But if you do not do it, then be warned of war from Allah and His messenger and if you repent, then you shall have your heavy(p).Do not exploit and be not exploited. (2278-279). The Holy Prophet (S. A. W) has advised Muslims to avoid seven harmful things and the third among these is interest, He stated, although interest brings increase, however its end tends to scarcity. From Jabir (RAA) The Prophet, (PBUH) whitethorn curse the receiver and the payer of interest, the one who records it and the both witnesses to the transaction and say They be all alike in guilt (Muslim, Tirmidhi and Musnad Ahmad).From Abdullah Ibn Hanzalah (RAA) the Prophet (PBUH), said A dirham of riba which a man receives kno cleargly is worse than committing adultery thirty six times (Mishkat al-Masabih, Kitab al Buyu, Bab al riba, on the trust of Ahmad and Daraqutni). Bayhaqi has also reported the to a higher place Hadith in Shuab al-imam with addition that Hell befits him whose flesh has been nourished by the unlawful. From Abu Hurayrah (RAA) The prophet, (PBUH), said in that respect will certainly come a time for mankind when everyone will take riba and if he does not do so, its dust will reach him. Abu Dawud, Kitab al Buyu, Bab fi ijtinabi al-shubuhat also in Ibn Majah) From Abu Hurayrah (RAA) The Prophet, (PBUH), said God would be justified in not allowing four persons to enter paradise or to taste its blessings he who drinks habitually, he who takes riba, he who usurps an orphans property without right, and he who is undutiful to his parents (Mustadrak al-Hakim, Kitab al-Buyu) Above illustrated Verses from Holy Quran and Hadith explain the meanings and its status in Islam.Prohibition of Riba Act 1997 states that riba is an stipulated payment over and above the principal amount lent in consideration of the time arrive at for repayment, either on simple or compound basis or any discount given on assignment of debt or any financial paper representing capital. Chapra (1985) explains that Riba literally content increase, addition, expansion or growth. sluice among secular literature, one finds animadversion on interest. Aristotle (384-322 BC) in his book Politics criticized interest in chase phrases Of all modes of getting wealth, this is the most unnatural.In value neutral political economy too, we find criticism on interest. Keynes (1936, p. 377) in his monumental work General Theory of Income, Employment, Interest and Money reasoned in follo wing words Interest to-day quits no genuine sacrifice, any more than does the rent of lend. The owner of capital can obtain interest because capital is scarce, just as the owner of land can obtain rent because land is scarce. But whilst there may be intrinsic reasons for the scarcity of land, there are no intrinsic reasons for the scarcity of capital.An intrinsic reason for such scarcity, in the sense of a genuine sacrifice which could only be called forth by the offer of a reward in the shape of interest, would not exist, in the long run, except in the event of the individual propensity to consume proving to be of such a character that net providence in conditions of full employment comes to an end before capital has become sufficiently abundant. But even so, it will nonetheless be possible for communal saving through the agency of the State to be maintained at a level which will allow the growth of capital up to the point where it ceases to be scarce.Tahir (1999) describes tha t riba is a discrepancy which results from the slenderizeual obligations of a party in the context of a direct change over of items of the same general kind (such as loan transaction) between two parties. Encyclopedia American International Edition (1970) evokees the meaning of interest that it is a charge for the use of silver. Interest has not always been considered legitimate or even moral payment. Until the end of essence ages, any charge for a loan was general considered to be usury.Teachings of Christian, Judaic and Islamic religion, all condemned in varying degrees, the winning of interest, in more recent times, however, usury has come to be regarded as only the charging of wicked rates of interest. The interest that you give in order to increase the wealth of the people, does not increase in the sight of Allah and the Zakat that you pay in order to win Allahs approval, its payers do indeed increase their wealth (Surah Al-Rome no. 39)(Shafi and Usmani, 1997, p. 67).It is beautiful and powerful statement from Quran which shows that interest is prohibited by God because it can only increase the wealth of individual not the society. Exclusion of interest from financial activities does not necessarily mean that the financier cannot earn a shekels. If financing is meant for a commercial purpose, it can be based on concept of profit and loss sharing, for which Musharakah and Mudarabah have been designed since the very inception of Islamic commercial law (Usmani, 2005, p. 10).It is wrong and confused concept in the society active the operation of the Islamic banking system but Islam provides an alternative system where everyone contributes their dower of enthronement and earns profit. In case of losses all the parties of contract suffer concord to their agreed terms and conditions. Islamic financial system is being only triple-crown if all the financial activity will be performed according to Islamic financial law Islamic banking is a very strong sector of interest free economy Islamic anking can be a true alternative of conventional banking. The Organization of Islamic Conference (OIC) defined an Islamic banking as a financial institution whose statutes, rules and procedures expressly state its commitment to the Principles of Islamic Shariah and to the banning of the receipt and payment of interest on any of its operations (Hassan, 1999, p. 60). According to this statement it is clear that interest is fully prohibited in Islamic law due to its bad effects on human being and more badly effects on overall society and economy.In an interest based economy a trend arises that rich people create the methods to increase their wealth through effecting the middle and lower classes. In interest based economy the middle class cannot contribute positively in economic system then gradually the economy travel toward financial crises such as accredit crunch. An Islamic bank is an intermediary and trustee of other peoples money with the d ifference that it shares profit and loss with its depositors.In practice the most Islamic banks have an organizational set-up very matched and similar to their conventional counterpart banks (Dar and Presley, 2000). Islamic banking is phenomenally profitable because, although its underlying funding mechanism is the same as conventional banking, its default experience is better, and its charges high and less transparent (Cook, 2006, p. 16). It is resulted from above statements that Islamic banking is not meatly different from conventional banking.They are doing same practice such as saving deposits and consumer finances but there are some entire differences of its practice and objectives. Islamic banking is interest free and its main objectives are the equal distribution of wealth, decreasing the poverty and change magnitude the investment opportunities. It is very beneficiary for Muslim population who want to solve all their financial matter according to their religion. Because a number of Islamic and some high street commercial banks from all over the world offer products and services that are according to Shariah compliant (www. tandardchartered. com). Islamic and traditional banking actually are not different. The both banking system has same objectives and practice the only difference of implementation of interest because interest is totally prohibited in Islam. Islamic banking falls into the realms of conventional banking Islamic banking campaign to ensure that all their financial matters according to Islamic financial law as well as the rules and regulations of a articular state like the monetary Services Authority (FSA) in the United Kingdom (Shanmugam, Perumal and Ridzwa, 2004). Islamic banking almost provides same services as conventional banking such as current accounts, saving accounts, insurances, mortgages and investment opportunities in the society. Regarding usury or currency devaluation and its related issues, there are abundant economic literatures. Its reason is that this subject has not been raised as main and unspoilt subject in the past.In Sunnite world, the above issue has not been seriously raised. Perhaps, the main reason is that this issue becomes important in the country like Iran which usury free banking has been executed completely due to close relationship between currency devaluation compensation and usury free banking. In fact, by study on history of Islamic banking in world of Islam especially in literature of Sunnites, we notice that history of Islamic banking is divided into two periods firstly, when it has been raised as an ideal form and secondly, when it has been realized.Principle of attention to usury free banking idea is found in book Anvar Eghbal Goreishi (1946) (Naem Sadighi 1948) and Mohammad Ahmad (1952) and consequently, professional elaboration of Mododi in 1950(1961) and writings of Mohammad Hamidollah in 1944, 1955, 1957 and 1967 are included in this group. In all of these whole she bang, bailment means participation on the basis of profit and loss was suggested as main mechanism for usury free banking idea (Abdul Ghafoor, 1955). In the next two decades, usury free banking attracted many attentions efforts of researchers about this subject started in this period.The first works related to Mohammad Azir (1955) and afterward, Abdullah Arabi (1967), Nejatollah Sadighi (1961, 1969) and Alnajar (1971) and Sadr (1961, 1974) published works in this field in late 1960s and early 1970s (Sadighi 1997, P222). These governmental efforts and assistances led to application of theory in reality and the first usury free bank i. e. Islamic Development Bank was born out of this process in 1975. Afterward, different researches were published in the field of usury free banking.Works done by Mir Akhor (1989), Farokh Omar(1985), Khan (1986), Asif Ahmad (1997), Motahari(1403 AH), Mosaei(1998, 1999, 2001, 2003, 2004), Adib Soltani (1996, Bakhtiari (1996), Beheshti (1989), Taskhiri (19 96), Tootonchian(2000) , Davoodi (1995), Marzban(1977), Mesbahi (1997), Hedayati (1996), Yousefi (1998), Arif Mohammad (1988) and Musai (1997, 2001) croak to this social class. The first private usury free bank was Dubai Islamic bank which was established in 1975 by a group of Muslim merchants from many countries. Afterward, two other private banks called Feisal Islamic Bank was established in Egypt and Sudan.In the same year, capital of Kuwait government established Kuwait Finance House. But before this date, usury free banking has been open in small and entrap scale such as banking in Malaysia in the middle 1940s and other one in Pakistan in the late 1950s. With regard to these experiences, Naser friendly Bank was established in 1972 which is available now and its goals are social rather than commercial. During the next 10 years, more than 50 usury free banks were formed out of establishment of the first private commercial bank in Dubai. Most of these banks are in Muslim cou ntries.But many are available in West Europe in Denmark, Luxemburg, Switzerland and England. In 1983 and 1984, many banks were established but afterward, the number of these banks has decreased. METHODOLOGY Since this study was secondary data based, no primary data collection methods were followed. Data was collected from various scholarly articles related to studies. Books on Islamic economics were also consulted and considered for data collection. Data related to Zakat, usher, fidia, jizia and charity was collected from Quran and Hadith. And authenticity of data was confirmed by Ulma so that any misconception could be prevented.Scholarly articles and related studies were carefully studied and most related data was taken for report. After rigorous study of literature available, a comparative compend of various sectors of economy was performed. Comparison of Zakat and tax, conventional and Islamic banking, monetary and fiscal policy and also a brief discussion of inflation is inclu ded. After comparative analysis and deep discussion of data collected an effort is made to develop an interest free economy model in Pakistan. COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS Much has been written on the interpretation of the term interest/riba.We have expand our discussion more and try to explain the meanings of interest, its implications in different sector of economy and also try to produce free model of economy, sector wise. enkindle Interest is the money give for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt. The economy today is based on the system of interest. It has its merits and demerits, but if we analyze it in accordance with the Islamic injunctions and teachings, then we come to realize that this system of interest is not viable for the Muslims, and it undermines the human and cultural values.Interest is the basis of modern capitalism. It is completely opposite to Zakat. Zakat channels wealth from the rich to the poor while interest takes out wealth from the po or and hands it over to the rich. Modern economics are so inter-linked with interest that people may think it is impossible to go without it. The home is really very complex. But, we must aim at getting rid of interest. Unless people fight against the tyrant rulers and establish an Islamic state -the problems will alleviate be there. Further, until Islamic state established, it will make us feel impossible to solve this riba (interest) problem.Allah SWT has not imposed on us something impossible. An interest-free economy will be a boon for all peoples of the world. affair and ISLAM Interest (riba) has been vehemently disapproved in Islam. Islam prohibits all transactions involving interest. This prohibition is for all interest-based transactions, whether giving or receiving, whether relations with Muslims or non-Muslims. It is reported that the Prophet Muhammad ( stop be upon him) cursed those who pay interest, those who receive it, those who write a contract based on it, and th ose who witness such a contract. Interest is neither a trade nor a profit.It is a means of exploitation and concentration of wealth. PROHIBITION OF INTEREST IN QURAN AND SUNNAH They say, trade is like interest and Allah has allowed trade and prohibited interest. (2275). Whatever you pay as interest, so that it may increase in the property of (other) men, it does not increase with Allah. (3039). O you, who believe, do not take interest, doubling and quadrupling, and keep your duty to Allah, so that you may prosper. (3130). O you, who believe, observe your duty to Allah and give up what remains (due) from interest, if you are believers.But if you do not do it, then be warned of war from Allah and His messenger and if you repent, then you shall have your capital. Do not exploit and be not exploited. (2278-279). Those who devour usury will not stand. Allah has permitted trade and forbidden usury. Allah will deprive usury of all blessing, but will give increase for deeds of charity. (Quran 2275-6) The Holy Prophet of Islam has advised Muslims to avoid seven harmful things and the third among these is interest, He stated, although interest brings increase, yet its end tends to scarcity.In several verses of the Holy Quran, Allah (Swt) has mentioned the consequences of riba. The Quran did not declare the prohibition of riba in the early stage of revelation rather we find that the complete prohibition of interest came sequentially. In the Quran Allah (Swt) says That which ye lay out for increase through the property of (other) people, will have no increase with Allah But that which ye lay out for charity, seeking the phiz of Allah (will increase) it is these who will get a recompense multiplied. 3039) That they took riba (usury), through they were forbidden and that they devoured mens substance wrongfully We have prepared for those among men who reject faith a grievous punishment. (4161) O ye who believe Devour not usury doubled and multiplied but fear Allah, th at ye may (really) prosper. (3140) Those who devour usury will not stand except as stands one whom the evil one by his touch hath driven to madness. That is because they say Trade is like usury. But Allah hath permitted trade and forbidden usury.Those who after receiving direction from their Lord, desist, shall be pardoned for the past their case is for Allah (to judge). But those who repeat (the offence) are companions of the fire, they will abide therein (forever) (2275) O you who have attained faith Remain conscious of God, and give up all outstanding gains from Usury, if you are (truly) believers. (2 278) TYPES OF RIBA Although the Quran did not specify any particular kind of riba, it is generally held that the word al-riba in the Quran is that kind of dealing which had been in vogue during the pre-Islamic days.Muslim jurists have classified riba in two types 1. riba al-nasiah, and 2. riba al-fadal. Riba al- Nasiah The term nasiah means to postpone or to wait and it refers to the time period that is allowed for the borrower to repay the loan in return for the addition of the premium. and so it refers to the interest on loans. The prohibition of riba al nasiah essentially implies that the stamping ground in advance of a positive return on a loan as a reward for waiting is not permitted by the Shariah. Hadith on Riba Al-Nasiah 1) From Usamah Ibn Zayd (RAA) The Prophet, (PBUH), said there is no riba except in Nasiah waiting. (Bukhari, Muslim and Musnad Ahmad) There is no riba in hand to hand (spot) transactions (Muslim, and Nasai). 2) From Ibn Masud (RAA) The Prophet, (PBUH), said Even when interest is much, it is bound to end up into paltriness. (Ibn Majah and Musnad Ahmad) 3) From Anas Ibn Malik (RAA) The Prophet, (PBUH), said when one of you grants a loan and the borrower offers him a dish, he should not include it and if the borrower offers a cause on an animal, he should not ride, unless the two of them have been previously accustomed to exchangi ng such favors mutually. (Sunan al-Bayhaqi) 4) From Anas Ibn Malik (RAA) The Prophet, (PBUH), said if a man extends a loan to psyche he should not accept a gift. (Mishkat, on the authority of Bukharas Tarikh and Ibn Taymiyyahs al Muntaqa) Riba al-Fadal Islam, however, longinges to eliminate not merely the exploitation that is intrinsic in the institution of interest, but also that which is inherent in all forms of unjust convince in employment transactions. Riba al-fadal is the excess over and above the loan paid in kind.It lies in the payment of an addition by the debtor to the creditor in exchange of commodities of the same kind. The following tradition of the Prophet Muhammad (saw) is cited as evidence. It is related that Abu Said al-Khurdi said the Prophet Muhammad (saw) has said that specie in return for gold, coin for silver, wheat for wheat, barley for barley, dates for dates and salt for salt, can be traded if and only if they are in the same quantity and that is shou ld be hand to hand. If someone gives more or takes, then he is engaged in riba and accordingly has committed a sin. Islam is a complete code of life which offers its own social, political and economic systems to guide human behavior in all spheres of life. History has recorded that the economic system of Islam, for the first time in the world had established social and economic justice during the period of al-Khilafah al-Rashidah. In any ideal Muslim society, socio-economic justice is considered as one of the most crucial characteristics for the social, political, and economic as well as all realms of human interaction. Exploitation and any source of unjustified enrichment in Islam are prohibited.The Holy Quran has emphatically instructed Muslims not to acquire each others property wrongfully. Islam is not an ascetic religion. It takes a positive view of life as the natural outcome of the belief that human beings are the vicegerents of Allah (SWT). Hadith on Riba Al-Fadal 1) From U mar Ibn al-Khattab (RAA). The last verse to be revealed was on riba and the Prophet, (PBUH), was taken without explaining it to us so give up not only riba but also raibah whatever raises doubts in the mind about its rightfulness. (Ibn Majah,) International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Vol. No. 6 Special Issue March 2012 149 2) The Prophet, (PBUH) said, Sell gold in exchange of equivalent gold, sell silver in exchange of equivalent silver, sell dates in exchange of equivalent dates, sell wheat in exchange of equivalent wheat, sell salt in exchange of equivalent salt, sell barely in exchange of equivalent barley, but if a person transacts in excess, it will be usury (riba). However, sell gold for silver anyway you please on the condition it is hand to hand (spot) and sell barley for date anyway you please on the condition it is hand to hand (spot). ) From Abu Said al-Khudri (RAA) The Prophet, (PBUH) said, Do not sell gold for gold except when it is like for like, and do not increase one over the other do not sell silver for silver except when it is like for like, and do no increase one over the other and do not sell what is away (from among these) for what is ready. (Bukhari, Muslim, Tirmidhi, Nasai and Musnad Ahmad) 4) From Ubada Ibn al-Samit (RAA) The Prophet, (PBUH), said Gold for gold, silver for silver, wheat for wheat, barely for barely, ates for dates, and salt for salt-like for like, equal for equal, and hand to hand if the commodities differ, then you may sell as you wish, provided that the exchange is hand to hand. (Muslim and Tirmidhi) Impacts of Interest on stinting System The present money system, based on the payment of interest, is unsustainable. Compound interest leads to exponential growth, which can be seen as a cancer on our social and economic system, a pathological growth pattern leading towards either economic or ecological collapse of unprecedented proportions.Inflation is generally seen as a given and interest as a natural antidote to counteract it, while in fact interest is the major cause of inflation. scotch growth is needed at any price, by continually increasing open and private debts. The interest system leads to an uneven growth of different sectors of the economy, indicating a severe sickness in the economic system. While the Net Income in Wages and Salaries rose 18 times between 1950 and 1995 in Germany, for instance, the Monetary Assets increase 461 times and the Gross National Product 141 times.The global volume of speculative monetary transactions, arbitrating on the variability of currency values, amounts 97 % of all transactions, with a mere 3 % being in real goods and services. The daily volume of trading exceeds $ 2,000 billion all the currency and gold reserves in the world would only amount to the volume of seven to eight hours of trading The interest system has devastating effects on the culture, ecology and society. It sucks up resources from regions with lower returns and redis tributes them to the regions with high returns. EVILS OF INTEREST (RIBA)The following evils are explained below which are happened due to interest in the economy. Moral Evils Interest generates such vices as miserliness, selfishness and petty-mindedness. Charity on the other hand develops such virtues as self-sacrifice, sympathy and magnanimity. The former are certainly a form of regression and the latter are signs of progress. Social Evils A society in which selfishness and self-interest are the prime values and people instead of dealing with one another on the basis of consideration are bent upon taking advantage of the pressing needs of each other will always remain victim of chaos and disunity.In contrast, if members of a society are considerate and wish each other well, the society will make rapid progress. Economic Evils From an economic point of view interest results in even more serious losses. Following are some of the highlighted areas I) Interest and Investment According to Lord Keynes capital investment depends on the one hand on the rate of interest and on the other on MEC (Marginal Efficiency of Capital). The process of investment in a country will continue as long as MEC is higher than the interest rate or at least at par with it.As concisely as MEC falls below the interest rate, the process of investment will come to a halt. This phenomenon may be illustrated by the following table Investment MEC Interest Rate 10 Million 24% 18% 20 Million 22% 18% 30 Million 20% 18% 40 Million 18% 18% Suppose the interest rate is 18% and an investment of Rs. 10 million is made on which the MEC is 24%. Since MEC is higher than the interest rate, investment is profitable. So the process of investment will continue. Now an extra investment of Rs. 10. 00 million is made on which the MEC declines from 24% to 22%. Investment is still profitable.So the process of investment will continue until MEC is equal to interest rate. As the above table shows at an investment of Rs. 40 million the MEC is at par with the 18% interest rate. After that the process of investment will check off because MEC will fall below the 18% rate of interest. The investment will then be non profitable. At this point the only hurdle in the way of investment is the interest rate. Further investment will continue only if the interest rate is reduced. If the interest rate is decreased to zero, the process of investment will continue till the level of full employment is achieved.II) Interest and Price When interest (as compensation for capital) is used as a factor of production it becomes part of the cost of production. Its burden is consequently shifted to the consumer. Moreover, interest is not added to the price once only, but it continues to be added to the price at several stages. Take the case of manufacturing of cloth. In the first place, the farmer will add interest to the price of cotton. Interest will again be added to the cost of production of yarn. It will be add ed to the cost of weaving, then to the cost of dyeing and finally to the price of finished cloth.Thus at every stage of production, interest enhances the price of goods which is totally unjustified. Interest by increasing the real price manifold causes inflation. III) Interest and Distribution of Wealth The distribution of wealth in a society becomes inequitable due to interest. Interest is an budget items charge which does not form part of any factor of production. Interest is received by the capitalist who continues the use his wealth to earn more wealth. Hence instead of circulating in the society, wealth is concentrated in the hand of the capitalist class.This causes an unjust distribution of wealth in the society. In this way due mainly to interest the rich in the society get richer and the poor, poorer. In regard to the distribution of Wealth, Abdul Qadir Salim writes in the October 1997 issue of the Tarjuman-ul-Quran Now when there is no significant rival to the capitalist s ystem, what is the situation in the world? In this age of free economy and privatization twenty per cent of total world population is still living below the poverty line and its share in the realise wealth of the world is only 1. 5%. The poor are getting poorer.Growing poverty is not the problem of the third world alone. The advanced countries face this problem too. Sixty per cent of worlds resources are controlled and consumed by the twenty per cent rich. The prestigious journal The Economist dated 5th Nov. 1996 complains Never during the last fifty years has there been such as large gap in incomes in Britain as there is today. In other industrialized countries also the gulf between the rich and poor has widened. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Vol. 2 No. 6 Special Issue March 2012 151 IV) Trade Cycle and InterestInterest creates trade cycles also. It plays a special role in bringing about a slump in the market. According to Hawtrays Monetary Theory, the Ba nks issue loans with a free hand when the trade is brisk but as soon as signs of a slump appear they start of trade cycles recovery of the loans. In this way capital shrinks and the slump starts declining to its lowest level. V) Interest and Allocation of Resources Chapra (2000) expresses in Tarjuman-ul-Quran Financial institutions operating on the basis of interest evaluate the resources of the applicants for a loan.They demand proper security to ensure that the borrower will not only return their capital but also an additional charge. How will the financial resources be utilized? This question is not the basic and decisive factor in extending a loan. In this way financial resources flow either to the rich who can provide the requisite securities or to the Government which is considered to be immune to insolvency. Bank deposits are largely provided by various sections of the society. (It is estimated that eighty percent bank deposits in Pakistan are received from middle class and l ow income groups of the society).However, its advantages are largely monopolized by the rich class. The MEC varies according to the sector of investment. So, projects vital to national interest in which MEC is lower than interest rate will not attract investment. A society run on interest will shy away from investing money in those projects in which MEC is low. If interest is abolished investment will be available for every sector and project without discrimination. VI) Interest and Business The capitalist fixes his share (interest rate) at the time of investment in moving in.Since his profit is guaranteed under all circumstances, he has no active interest in the business. He does not care if the business earns profit or incurs a loss. The running of business is entirely the accountability of the counseling. A class of financiers thus comes into existence who supplies money and then sits idle. If interests are abolished, the financier class will take an active part in the economi c struggle and the pace of economic development in the country will be accelerated. VII) Interest and Efficiency Interest has ill-effects on the efficiency of the people in general.The people who take loans to fulfill private needs are especially burdened with constant anxiety and mental falling off. This condition has an adverse effect on their efficiency. Their interest in work is half-hearted because they are constantly nagged by the thought that a major portion of their earnings will got to pay the interest. Worry and depression weaken their sensual health and their efficiency progressively deteriorates. VIII) Interest and Economic Instability Chapra (2000) states in Tarjuman-ul-Quran that interest destabilize the economy.The well-known American Economist Milton Friedman relates economic ups and downs to rise and fall in interest rate. A high rate of interest creates conditions of extreme uncertainty in investment market. It causes constant ups and downs in the gross profit (i nterest + profit) on total investment and makes it very difficult to take reliable decisions about long term investment. IX) Interest and International Loans The capitalist economy is virtually based on loans. So we can call it debt based economy. Individual or home consumption, private or public sector, economic activities in all spheres revolve round interest-based credit.The Special Issue on Behavioral and Social Science Centre for Promoting Ideas, USA www. ijhssnet. com 152 During the past two hundred years policies for economic development have used loans not only for physical development but also as instruments for financial expansion. So through credit creation financial expansion has not only been made the most dynamic factor for the economy but has been accorded the greatest importance for achieving economic stability. The exploitation countries suffer heavy loss due to the dominance of interest-based economic order in the world.As debtors the developing countries have to tolerate the interference of the advanced countries in their inhering affairs. Economically also the developing countries undergo a great loss because a large portion of their meager resources is utilized in returning loans with interest. ALTERNATIVES TO INTEREST Islam not only prohibits interest but also provides alternatives to it for doing business and transactions. These include the Mudarabah and Musharakah as explained ahead. MUDARABAH Mudarabah is a special kind of partnership where one partner gives money to another for investing it in a commercial enterprise.The investment comes from the first partner who is called rabb-ul-mal, while the management and work is an exclusive responsibility of the other, who is called mudarib. Business of Mudarabah The rabb-ul-mal may specify a particular business for the mudarib, in which case he shall invest the money in that particular business only. This is called al-Mudarabah-al-muqayyadah (restricted Mudarabah). But if he has left-hand (a) it open for the mudarib to undertake whatever business he wishes, the mudarib shall be sure to invest the money in any business he deems fit.This type of Mudarabah is called al-Mudarabah-al-mutlaqah (unrestricted Mudarabah) A rabb-ul-mal can contract Mudarabah with more than one person through a single transaction. It means that he can offer his money to A and B both, so that each one of them can act for him as mudarib and the capital of the Mudarabah shall be utilized by both of them jointly, and the share of the mudarib shall be distributed between them according to the agreed proportion . In this case both the mudaribs shall run the business as if they were partners inter se.The mudarib or mudaribs, as the case may be, are authorized to do anything which is normally done in a course of business. However, if they want to do an extraordinary work, which is beyond the normal routine of the traders, they cannot do so without express permission from the rabb-ul-mal. Distribution of the Profit It is necessary for the validity of Mudarabah that the parties agree, right at the beginning, on a definite proportion of the actual profit to which each of them is empower. No particular proportion has been prescribed by the Shariah rather, it has been left to their mutual consent.They can share the profit in equal proportions, and they can also allocate different proportions for the rub-ul-mal and the mudarib. However, they cannot allocate a lump sum amount of profit for any party, nor can they determine the share of any party at a particular proposition rate tied up with the capital. For example, if the capital is Rs. 100000/- they cannot agree on a condition that Rs. 10000/- out of the profit shall be the share of the mudarib, nor can they say that 20% of the capital shall be given to rabb-ul-mal. However, they can agree on that 40% of the actual profit shall go to the mudarib and 60% to the rabb-ul-maal or vice versa.It is also allowed that different proportions are agreed in different situations. For example the rabb-ul-mal may say to the mudarib, If you trade in wheat, you will get 50% of the profit and if you trade in flour, you will have 33% of the profit. Similarly, he can say If you do the business in your town, you will be entitle to 30% of the profit, and if you do it in another town, your share will be 50% of the profit. Apart from the agreed proportion of the profit, as determined in the above manner, the mudarib cannot claim any periodical salary or a fee or remuneration for the work done for him by the Mudarabah.All the schools of the Islamic Fiqh are self-colored on this point. However, Imam Ahmad has allowed for the mudarib drawing his daily expenses of food only from the Mudarabah account. The Hanafi jurists restrict this right of the mudarib only to a situation where he is on a business trip outside his own city. In this case he can claim his personal expenses, accommodation, food etc. , but he is not entitled to get anyth ing as daily allowances when he is in his own city.If the business has incurred loss in some transactions and has gained profit in some others, the profit shall be used to offset the loss at the first instance, and then the remainder, if any, shall be distributed between the parties according to the agreed ratio. Termination of Mudarabah The contract of the Mudarabah can be terminated at any time by either of the two parties. The only condition is to give a notice to the other party. If all assets of the Mudarabah are in cash form at the time of termination, and some profit has been earned on the principle amount, it shall be distributed between the parties according to the agreed ratio.However, if the assets of the Mudarabah are not in the cash form, the mudarib shall be given an opportunity to sell or liquidate them, so that the actual profit may be determined. There is a difference of opinion among the Muslim jurists about the question whether the contract of Mudarabah can be aff ected for a undertake period after which it terminates automatically. The Hanafi and Hanbali schools are of view that the Mudarabah can be restricted to a particular term, like one year, six months, etc, after which it will come to an end without a notice.On the contrary, Shafii and Maliki schools are of the opinion that the Mudarabah cannot be restricted to a particular time. However, this difference of opinion relates only to the maximum time limit of the Mudarabah. Can a token(prenominal) time limit also be fixed by the parties before which Mudarabah cannot be terminated? No express answer to this question is found in the books of the Islamic Fiqh, but it appears from the general principles numerated therein that no such limit can be fixed, and each party is at liberty to terminate the contract whenever he wishes.This unlimited power of the parties to terminate the Mudarabah at their pleasure may create some difficulties in the context of the present circumstances, because most of the commercial enterprises today need time to bring fruits. They also demand constant and complex efforts. Therefore, it may be disastrous to the project, if the rabb-ul-mal terminates the Mudarabah right in the beginning of the enterprise. Specially, it may bring a severe setback to a mudarib who will earn nothing despite all his efforts.Therefore, if the parties agree, when entering into the Mudarabah, that no party shall terminate it during a specified period, except in specified circumstances it does not seem to violate any principle of Shariah, particularly in the light of the famous Hadith, already quoted which says All the conditions agreed upon by the Muslims are upheld, except a condition which allows what is prohibited or prohibits what is lawful. COMBINATION OF MUSHARKAH AND MUDARABAH A contract of Mudarabah normally presumes that the mudarib has not invested anything to the Mudarabah.He is responsible for the management only, while all the investment comes from rabb -ul-mal. But there may be situations where the mudarib also wants to invest some of his money into the business of Mudarabah. In such cases Musharakah and Mudarabah are combined together. For example, A gave to B Rs. 100000/- in a contract of Mudarabah. B added Rs. 50000/- from his own pocket with the permission of A. This type of partnership will be treated as a combination of Musharakah and Mudarabah.Here the mudarib may allocate for himself a certain percentage of profit on account of his investment as a sharik, and at the same time he may allocate another percentage for his management and work as a mudarib. The normal basis for storage allocation of the profit in the above example would be that B shall secure one third of the actual profit on account of his investment, and the remaining two thirds of the profit shall be distributed between them equally. However, the parties may agree on any other proportion.The only condition is that the sleeping partner should not get more per centage than the proportion of the investment. Now lets see economy sector vise and analyze both interest based and interest free models. ISLAMIC TAXATION SYSTEM Zakat and Tax Zakat and tax are two systems that are used for the monetary benefits of the people. In this topic we will compare the two systems. Zakat Zakat is one of the five pillars of Islam. The word Zakat means both purification and growth. Zakat occupies a central position in the economic system of Islam.One of the most important principles of Islam is that all things belong to God, and that wealth is therefore held by human beings in trust. Our possessions are purified by setting aside a proportion for those in need, and, like the pruning of plants, this sharp back equalisers and encourages new growth. Zakat does not only purify the property of the contributor but also purifies his heart from selfishness and greed. It also purifies the heart of the recipient from envy and jealousy, from disgust and uneasiness and it fosters instead good-will and warm wishes for the contributors.As Muslims pay the Zakat they have the genuine feeling that it is an investment and not a debit helping to establish economic balance and social justice in the society. Compulsory payment of Zakat is one of the main principles of an Islamic economy. Every Muslim who owns wealth more than his needs must pay the fixed rate of Zakat to the Islamic state. Zakat is a means of narrowing the gap between the rich and the poor. It helps the fair distribution of wealth. It is a form of social security.The Islamic state is responsible for providing the basic necessities of food, clothing, housing, medicine and education to every citizen. No-one should have any fear of insecurity or poverty (969, 103, 985). Primarily the bow denotes an increase or augmentation (particularly of a positive, favorable or auspicious thing or virtue). Some also say that it means to purify. However, in the Quran AZKA has been used along with ATHAR in 2232. The root, T-H-R (ta-ha-ra) from which the word ATHAR is derived, has the meanings to purify but the meanings to increase, grow, wave, augment etc. are the primary significations of the root Z-K-W. TAHARA is a negative virtue which signifies being free from dirt, filth or derogatory things. ZAKA is a positive virtue which signifies positive growth and development. The following phrases further clear the signification of the root Z-K-W. * Zakat-il-ardh means the land throve or yielded increase * Zakat-al-ghulam means the boy grew or throve * Al-ilmo yazkoo Alal infaaq means the knowledge increases by spending * Zukkoo means he enjoyed or led a plentiful and a pleasant or an easy, and a soft or delicate life.OR he was in a state of abundance of the goods, conveniences or comforts of life OR he enjoyed a life of increase or plenty. * Zaka means increase or augmentation or growth or development. The term aatozakaat appears in the following verses 243 283 2110 2277 477 95 911 224 1 2278 2456 5813 7320 The root of the word Aatoo is A-T-Y (alif-ta-ya), which has the following meanings (depending upon what word or preposition follows this word) To come (to or over someone) To arrive (at) To bring, bring forward, produce, accomplish or achieve (something) To bring, give or offer or provide (someone, something) To do or perform (a deed) To carry out or execute (e. g. a movement) To commit or perpetrate (e. g. a sin or crime) The term aatozakaat is usually taken to mean give the poor rate where poor rate means the local tax for the relief of the poor. This definition of the term aatozakaat is not correct and does not bring forth the true and complete concept of the term ZAKA.The term aatozakaat does not mean JUST to give some fixed sum from the money to the poor,(although it may be a means of accomplishing ZAKA). It is much more than that. Please see the verse 2177 in which giving some of the wealth to the near of kin and the orphans and the needy and the wa yfarer and the beggars and for (the emancipation of) the captives has been differentiated from the term aatozakaat. Zakat is more than just giving from ones wealth to the poor.See the following (2177) It is not righteousness that you turn your faces towards the East and the West, but righteousness is this that one should believe in Allah and the last day and the angels and the Book and the prophets, and give away wealth out of love for Him to the near of kin and the orphans and the needy and the wayfarer and the beggars and for (the emancipation of) the captives, and establish SALAT and provide UZAKAU and the performers of their promise when they make a promise, and the patient in distress and affliction and in time of conflicts these are they who are true (to themselves) and these are they who guard (against the inevitable consequences of violating Allahs Commands). Even from the language point of view the term aatozakaat cannot be translated as give the poor rate. Although Aatoo h as one of the meanings give but Zakat does not mean poor rate.Zakat means increase or augmentation or growth or development. The term aatozakaat is very comprehensive. It signifies (to) Do whatever it takes to provide the means for the development and growth of all, i. e. (to) Do whatever is necessary to accomplish the physical and personal growth and development of all. See the meanings, do, accomplish, provide and achieve for the word Aatoo given above. The purpose of Aatozakaat is to provide the means of development for all. It includes physical development and nourishment as well as development of the human personality i. e. mental/intellectual/personal development or development of the self.Development of human hardware as well as human bundle It involves development, increase and augmentation in the produce and resources to provide abundance of goods, conveniences and comforts to people as well as their self-actualization or development of their personalities. It is a complet e economic system that ensures the provision of all the requisite resources for the physical and personal development of people. In order to establish such a system you have to have authority, power, dominion and government. If you already have such an authority and you are an Islamic Government, your primary task is to establish such a system. Please see 2241. 2241 (Believers are those who, if We establish them in the land, establish SALAT and provide ZAKA and enjoin good and forbid evil Notice in the above verse, the establishment in the land has been described as a prerequisite for the system of ZAKA. As has been mentioned above that growth and development is of two types Physical (i. e. of the human hardware or body) and Personal (i. e. of the human software or the self or the personality). For physical development you have to have something added to your body as nourishment but for the development of the self or self-actualization, you need to give something out of your wealth or resources for others. See the following verses (which state that TAZKIYA or personal development is achieved by giving from your wealth to others 9103 accept their contribution for the community.Purify their thoughts with proper education and training so that their Self may grow. Appreciate and Help them Your appreciation and support is a great source of peace in their hearts. Allah is Hearer, Knower 9218 Who gives his wealth (for the benefits of others) so that he may attain self-development (and grow in goodness). FUNDAMENTALS AND CONCEPT OF ZAKAT Zakat alms for the poor is the Islamic principle of giving a percentage of ones income to charity. It is often compared to the system of tithing and alms, but it serves principally as the welfare contribution to poor and deprived people in the Muslim lands, although others may have a rightful share.Zakats similar-sounding, Arabic language analog is the Hebrew word Tzedakah, the charitable obligation in ancient Israel through to presen t day Judaism. It is the duty of the Islamic state not just to collect Zakat, but to distribute it fairly as well. Zakat is one of the Five Pillars of Islam. Believers in Islam are aware that by giving a fixed percentage of their surplus wealth, they are fulfilling this religious obligation. Muslims see this process also as a way of purifying themselves from their greed and selfishness. In addition Zakat purifies the person who receives it because it saves him from the humiliation of begging and prevents him from envying the rich.Causes & Beneficiaries The Quran states that God revealed the beneficiaries of ZakatAlms are only for the poor and the needy, and the officials (appointed) over them, and those whose hearts are made to incline (to truth) and the (ransoming of) captives and those in debts and in the way of Allah and the wayfarer an ordinance from Allah and Allah is knowing, Wise. Quran 960 The people whose hearts are to be reconciled include (normally new Muslims or those c lose to becoming Muslim. Non Muslims cannot be included) Freed slaves Those heavily burdened with paying their debts Travelers who find themselves in difficult circumstancesThere have been cases where you cant pay to the Zakat for Traditional Zakat laws generally do not cover trade. It is not permissible to pay Zakat to some members of the family (i. e. grandparents, parents, spouses, children), for if they were needy or poor, they are under the custody of the eligible man, while Zakat is intended for public welfare. Zakat doesnt become obligatory on a Muslim if he doesnt have a minimum amount in his possession that has remained unchanged for a whole lunar year any increase in that money during the year waits for the following year and any decrease as long as the total amount is still above the minimum amount is exempted.In all the four recognized madhhabs the Fiqh of Zakat is very much the same with the key elements that make Zakat compulsory for an individual being Islam, Fre edom, the Nisab, Ownership and a Years Possession. Zakat is a form of payment, which has the spiritual development of the believer. Therefore, it should not be looked at as being only an economic duty. On Whom Zakat Is Compulsory Zakat is the amount of money that every adult, mentally stable, free, and financially able Muslim, male and female, has to pay to support specific categories people. This category of people has been defined above. MINIMUMS AND AMOUNTS 1. musical passage of One Lunar YearZakat is obligatory after a time span of one lunar year passes with the money in the control of its owner. Then the owner needs to pay 2. 5% (or 1/40) of the money as Zakat. (A lunar year is approximately 355 days). 2. Deduction of Debts The owner should deduct any amount of money he or she borrowed from others then check if the rest reaches the necessary Nisab, then pays Zakat for it. Nisab for Zakat If the owner had enough money to satisfy the Nisab at the beginning of the year, then the money increased (in profits, salaries, inheritance, grants etc. ), the owner needs to add the increase to the Nisab amount owned at the beginning of the year then pay Zakat, 2. %, of the total at the end of the lunar year (there are small differences in the Fiqh schools here). Zakat is not mandatory on harvest if the total did not reach the minimum limit of about 653 kilograms, nor on gold amounts if the owner has less than 85 grams of gold or less than 595 grams of silver. Calculation of Zakat Each Muslim calculates his or her own Zakat individually. For most purposes this involves the payment each year of two and a half percent of ones capital. Zakat in the Quran and Sunnah A. The root of the word Zaka(t) is Z-K-W (za-kaf-waw), which leads to the following meanings To increase To grow To thrive To augment To increase in the purity of heart to increase in integrity To befitThe following points will explain calculation methods of Zakat in different situations B. There are diff erent opinions about this. However, the general opinion is that jewelry, whether it is normally in use, or stored for occasional use, must all be included in reckon Zakat. The value of the gold or silver content in the jewelry should be included in the category of Personal wealth. Precious stones (diamonds, ruby, pearls, etc) are not to be included neither the labor cost of making the jewelry is to be included. Zakat on precious stones, however, is due if they are items of trade and should be included in Item 6, business inventory. C.Though owning a share of stock of any business is like having a share in the ownership of the business we have categorized it as Personal wealth. Therefore, the lower of the value of stock at the beginning and the end of the year should be added in the category of Personal wealth. This is categorized as Personal wealth because of two reasons. 1. For the most people who own stock it is held as a saving with expectations that it will grow in value over t ime. In fact it is readily traded for money. Considering it as a readily redeemable asset, we have treated it as another form of saving. Therefore, we suggest using its fair market value in calculating Zakat. 2. Calculating Zakat on stock treating it as a share in ownership is normally not very convenient.There are literally millions of shares owned by general public. A stockholder will need to know his/her share of cash on hand, profit, and inventory, in order to use those values in the calculation of Zakat. This information is ordinarily very difficult to obtain, unless it is a partnership of a few people. Therefore, we did not treat stocks as a business partnership. D. If this amount is available to the individual at any time without any restrictions, then Zakat should be calculated for this amount through the category of Personal wealth because its nature will be that of savings. If the plan is restrictive and involves penalty and/or taxes, opinions differ on the payment of Zaka t. 1.One opinion is that an

Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare

First of all Mercutio is considered a char compriseer foil in the play because he only sees love in a physical way. In contrast Romeo thinks love is supposed to be ro slicetic. In Act I, persuasion 4, Mercutios quarrel around Queen Mab indicates that he is does not know of Romeos pure love. O then I see Queen Mab hath been with youThis is she (1.4.23-24) Romeo is about to tell Mercutio about a dream that he had. Mercutio interrupts Romeo of what he was going to say about his dream and tell him about Queen Mab. In Mercutios speech he thinks of love comes from Queen Mab being a dream fairy. She gives people dreams and decides what they will dream about.For example women dream of kisses and priests dream of tithes, lawyers dream of money. This speech shows Mercutio just does not get the romantic part of love. He does not believe in dreams. The references to the body show the physical realities of life as contend to the ideals that Romeo holds. This speech shows much about the fiery spirit of Mercutio, but it also suggests a more brutal and realistic view of life, contrasting with the romantic of love. So the play apply pocket-size characters is a success because Mercutio helps make the pure love for Romeo and Juliet. Second of all Friar Lawrence is a mentor to Romeo and Juliet, but a poor planner.This character also leads to the success of the play. The friar marries Romeo to Juliet and he constantly advises them to act more with caution and provides plans to Romeo and Juliet. In act 4 scene 1 the friar says take thou this vial being in bed/And this distilling liquor drink thou off (4.1.93-101). When Paris wants to marry Juliet, the friar expresses his disfavour of the wedding. When Paris leaves, Juliet asks the Friar for help. The friar provide a plan. The plan includes using the drug for Juliet and deliver the message to Romeo. The friar attempts to make the spousals of Romeo and Juliet is very estimable but are poorly planned.The tragedy of their deaths could not have happened if Romeo have received the message in time. This is due to Friar Lawrence not planning how he is going to fake Juliets death. It directlyleads to the tragedy in the play. Third of all the nurse makes comic relief by making a lot of improper speeches. The nurse provides a contrast with Juliet because of the nurses view which if love is sexual, while Juliets way is all romantic. If ye should lead her into a fools paradise/ it were a very gross kind of behavior (2.4.151-52). The nurse act as Juliets mother. She cares for Juliet and her entire life. The Nurse is loyal to Juliet and she keeps the secret marriage a secret. The Nurse believes in love and wants Juliet to have a nice-looking guy, but the idea is that Juliet would sacrifice anything for love to Romeo. The nurse is the success to the play because there is irritation to the play.In act 1 Mercutio to Romeo and Juliet strong because the play shows Romeo is on a quest for love. When Romeo talks about he is love sick for Rosaline and Benvolio makes him look at another(prenominal) girl and Mercutio says Romeo is a lover borrow cupids wings and soar with them above a common bound (1.4.21-16). The importance of this quote is because he toilsome cheer Romeo up from being love sick. The quote shows the success of the play because of Mercutio being a minor does not understand the romantic part of love.In act 2 Mercutio thinks Romeo is still love sick over Rosaline but the when Romeo gets abide from Friar Lawrences place which Mercutio does not know And sees Mercutio and he is all of a sudden prosperous. After Romeo says hi to Mercutio and he says thats as much as to say such a case as (Romeos) constrains a man to bow in the hams (2.4.47-52). The importance of this quote is because when Romeo says hi to Mercutio so he is wondering why Romeo is all happy. The quote shows the success of the play by using minor characters because Romeo was lovesick and all of a sudden he becomes happy so M ercutio thinks he made Rosaline like him. So the play using minor characters is a success because Mercutio helps make the pure love for Romeo and Juliet.He creates conflict by agreeing to marry Romeo and Juliet so he says For this alliance may be so happy prove to turn their households rancour to pure love (2.3.44-90). The importance of this quote is that He agrees to marry Romeo to Juliet because he sees it as a chance to bring back the families together. It is successful to the play using minor charactersbecause he is not supposed to marry them but he does it any way. Hes basically dower Romeo and Juliet even though their enemies.

The Role of Computers in Medical Procedures

We all live in an age of science and technology. The appliances of science and technology crap revolutionized our way of life. in that location is nothing that has influenced our lives more than a com drifter. There bath not be any field that is devoid of the influence of computer applications. From agriculture to rocket science, computers swallow significant roles to play. The demand of computers has always been on the increase for some time in many fields.Among the fields that have made tremendous advances in the twentieth century due to the advent of computers, medicine stands out from the rest. Computers argon used in medicine in almost all aras. Whether it is diagnosis, preaching, research or selective schooling management, computers have there own applications. Whatever we enjoy today in terms of our health may not be workable without the invaluable voice of computers. Therefore, my endeavor is to discuss how significantly computers have contri notwithstandinged in the field of medicine.Diagnosis answers to determine the nature of a unhealthiness. Without a proper diagnosis, a disease can not be treated effectively. Before the advent of computers, physicians merely guessed at what caused certain diseases. Consequently, many uncomplainings either ended up in getting treatment for something that they did not require treatment for or losing their lives. This unfortunate situation does not exist at all now.Thanks to computers, physicians can diagnose a disease with astonishing efficiency nowadays. Modern diagnosis consists of tierce main steps. Taking of patients health history, examining the patient physically and conducting laboratory or radiological examinations are the three main steps. In all three steps, computers are used invariably. Instead of guessing the causes for a disease, the physicians just have to enter the symptoms of a patient into the computers. With the help of artificial intelligence, they get a crystal clear picture of the d isease. For example, Twenty years ago, doctors relied on conjectures to determine the causes of heart attacks. But now, they use chemicals, nuclear image devices and databases they diagnose heart attacks with great accuracy and treat them with tremendous success.Telemedicine is a novel idea that can play a great part in diagnosis. In telemedicine, arrangements are made to see patients via video or computers links. When a specialist sees a patient through computer links, the specialist can interpret diagnosis for the disease and help to obtain a proper treatment.Computers are in addition being used to produce patterns to help physicians diagnose problems of the brain. Research has revealed that a certain pattern of stripes can be painful to look at for some people. The pattern resembles a circle filled with alternating black-and -white unsloped stripes. At a viewing distance of forty-three centimeters, this grating has a spatial frequency of three cycles/degree of visual arc and a Michelson course of about 0.7.As mentioned earlier, computers are used in medical treatments as well. Computer aided surgery cognise, as CAS can be a long-familiar example. Initially, CAS meant a technology of surgical simulation using three-dimensional organ models reconstructed by medical imaging using a computer nontextual matter technique. There is a notion among the public that CAS completely supercedes surgeons hands with robots. This is not the design of CAS. Invention in CAS is always to support surgeons but not replace them. Decision-making is the most important process in surgery. Only the surgeons should make decisions regarding a surgery.CAS can provide a lot of new-fashioned styles of surgery that we have never imagined. Endoscopic surgery is good example. Modern surgery is to remove or replace legions, but rapid progress in laser surgery or radiological treatment may make it unnecessary in the future. Thanks to computers, surgery without operation has become re ality.The Role of Computers in Storing and Processing InformationComputers have been used as storage of medical information for many years. Electronic patient records called EPR are good examples to prove the worth of computers as information storage. callable to startup and running costs, teaching staff motivation, obsolesce, poor function possibility for abuse, risk of loss of confidentiality, EPR were not used very much in the past, but now they are very common. They have become almost indispensable. They have many advantages Faster and simpler access to notes, maintenance of more detailed notes over long-lived periods, reduced staffing levels, ease of booking, investigation orders and results, health updates, reminders, integration with telemedicine, ease of integration of non-hospital based care, increased ability to collect health information.Computers are used for programming and appointment keeping. They are used to keep track of patients visits. With the help of word pr ocessors, letters are typed and sent to patients reminding them for follow-up appointments. Accurate keeping of detailed patient records is extremely important to the medical practitioners. Therefore, medical practitioners have to rely on computers heavily in order to be efficient and successful in their profession. central of medical information among the medical professionals has become a common thing now. With the help of computers, they are able to share valuable information with a senior high level of confidentiality. Computer conferencing is an effective way of achieving this purpose.The Role of Computers in Medical Research and EducationThe life span of human beings gets increased with the passage of time. This has been possible only owing to the concerted efforts efforts of medical scientists. They have to conduct researches not only to find out the causes for different diseases and ailments, but also to explore new cures for those diseases. Computers are very much utilized in research and education. Modern computer is capable of designing drugs these days. At first, a scientist must find the molecular structure of the targeted virus or bacterium, and then a computer helps find a magic bullet drug to combat it. Incredible equipment from chemistry, atomic energy, and basal physics research help biologists find the structure of molecules.Radioisotopes are used to track molecule through any living organism. Chromatography is used to separate and severalize chemicals. Through a computer nuclear magnetic resonance (N MR) produces images, that show charges in the living organism as they happen. Tiny electrodes monitor the movement of poppycock in and out of a cell. Then the exact structure of a molecule is seen by an X-ray crystallography. Once the structure of the molecule is seen, the data is put into a computer and the image of the molecule appears on screen. The image can be turned around to view at all possible angles. The purpose is to design anot her molecule that will fit the disease organism. The new molecule will be an effective drug. A drug designed in this way has a good chance of being effective and safeThree-dimensional computer models of the human thorax, lungs, heart, arteries, and veins are already available to help train medical students. This allows students to be able to perform dissections or surgeries on the models instead of on real human cadavers. These major achievements in medicine have greatly helped people around the world. It has made life easier for us. Further more, computers are becoming an essential tool in medical education. They are used to enhance the breeding process. The ability of a computer to incorporate text, graphics, animation, and sound all at the same time improves the presentations of materials better than a textbook. In addition, a concept known as a hypertext system helps the student to understand a specific topic better. A hypertext system allows the user to browse through other ma terials cogitate to the users topic. Also, software-based programs are used for tutorials and multimedia textbooks.The Advantages of Computers in MedicineAfter the introduction of computers to medicine, we have witnessed an abrupt abundance of new technologies and discoveries in this field. However, computers are also dependable in medical education and its practice. As new developments are made in medicine, the medical literature continues to grow. There has not been such a large explosion of new information in history than these past few decades. It is estimated that that the quantity of information is doubling every two years.Yet, our brain capacity remain the same. The ability of a computer to incorporate text, graphics, animation, and sound help students to understand and retain more information. Also, a computer can link the students to other areas related to the subject of their studies. This application of computers to incorporate more text and graphics is known as the u se of hypertext and/or hyper media. This is very advantageous because more of the senses are engaged, increase the chances to recall the information presented. Another matter to keep in consideration is that the information can easily be updated and immediately distributed to those concerned. This allows students and physicians to obtain current information to serve their patients better.In the practice of medicine, doctors have been relieved of the small manual of arms tasks they must perform. For example, doctors no longer have to be bothered keeping manual records of patient visits. There are fewer chances of losing or forgetting an appointment and it so the information can easily be retrieved. In maintaining billing, the computer is very blameless when performing mathematical tasks. In addition, it allows doctors to keep very organized and detailed patient records. Also computers provide assistance in decision-making situations. In making a diagnosis, the doctor simply has to e nter the patients symptoms and the computer provides him or her possible diagnosis and therapies. If a doctor wishes to consult with other doctors, he contacts them through E-mails. The computer also allows doctors to keep with current news and differentiate which alternative therapies have scientific basis. Overall, computers have helped doctors in serving their patients to the best of their abilities.The Disadvantages of Computers in MedicineWhere there are benefits, there are also problems. The negative impact of computers on people in our society is that people can become over-dependent on them. They rely on the computer to do everything. When the computer fails to work out a problem, they become distraught. Computer reliance is a big downfall for many people. Computers do not always give correct answers. There are occasions where the computer will make the wrong diagnosis, which can result in the worsening of a patients condition.Another problem with computers is that they are prone to viruses and breakdowns. If a virus enters a computer, it has the potential to destroy every file in it. Then, all patient records are lost. Computer breakdowns and power shortages prevent the doctor form accessing patients records and files. However, scanning the computer for viruses and making backup hard copies can prevent this.Computers can never mechanise the art of medicine. Neither can they eliminate the need of human beings. What they can do is help us bring relevant and timely information to ante up on our care of individual patients. They can also help run the medical offices or hospitals in a way that makes good business sense. That is why many physicians have embraced the computer and made information technology an integral part of their approach to patient care. That is why they have been able to meet the increase needs of the patents remarkably well.

Incremental profit Essay

Distinguish between the followinga) Industry demand and Firm (Company) demand, b) short demand and Long run demand, and c) Durable goods demand and Non-durable goods demand.2 . What are the problems faced in determining the demand for a durable good? illustrate with example of demand for households refrigerator or television set.3 . Analyze the method by which a firm can allocate the given advertizing budget between different media of advertisement.4 . What kind of relationship would you postulate between short-run and long-run average cost curves when these are not U-shaped as suggested by the modern theories?5 . How do demand forecasting methods for new products vary from those for established products?6 . What are the different methods of measuring national income? Which methods suck up been followed in India?7 . What do you understand by the investment multiplier? In what way does it defend the policy of public works on the diverge of the state during business depression?8 . Discuss the various phases of business cyclea. Are cyclical fluctuations necessary for economic growth? b. Suggest take away fiscal and monetary policies for depressionAssignment B allCase StudyElectron Control, Inc., treats voltage regulators to other manufacturers, who then customize and distribute the products to prize assurance labs for their sensitive test equipment. The yearly volume of output is 15,000 units. The marketing price and cost per unit are shown belowSelling price$ two hundredCostsDirect material$35Direct promote50Variable overhead25Variable selling expenses25Fixed selling expenses15150Unit profit before tax$ 50Management is evaluating the alternative of performing the necessary customizing to allow Electron Control to sell its output directly to Q/A labs for $275 per unit. Although no added investment is required in productive facilities, additional processing costs are estimated asDirect labor$25 per unitVariable overhead$15 per unitVariable selling expenses $10 per unitFixed selling expenses$100,000 per yearCalculate the additive profit Electron Control would earn by customizing its instruments and marketing directly to end users.